3BIO: Journal of Biological Science, Technology and Management

Flowering Stimulation of Super Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis (F. A. C. Weber) Britton & Rose) by Yellow Light and Boron Application

2026-02-07T22:10:54+07:00

Dragon fruit plants are long-day plants that require a long photoperiod to induce flowering, making light management an important factor in their productivity. In recent years, their declining yields in Indonesia have been linked to suboptimal flowering induction and fruit cracking, partly related to nutritional imbalances, particularly boron deficiency. This study aims to improve dragon fruit flowering by providing yellow light and adding boron. The study was conducted at the SITH Haurngombong Educational Orchard in Sumedang, using a randomized block design with three factors: light, boron, and plant age. The parameters observed included the number of flowers, the number of fruits, fruit weight, and cracked fruits. The results showed that the combination of light and boron significantly increased dragon fruit production, with the highest number of flowers (14.33±0.52) and number of fruits (14.33±0.52) found on 7-year-old plants; the heaviest fruit was from 3-year-old plants (483.71±13.83 g); and the lowest percentage of cracked fruit was observed in 7-year-old plants (3%). The light treatment enhances dragon fruit production, while boron supplementation reduces the number of cracked fruits. In general, the combination of yellow light and boron treatment was the most optimal in enhancing flowering in 3-year-old and 7-year-old plants compared to the control. As plants age, the quantity and quality of the fruit they produce increase. The findings of this study are expected to provide valuable insights for cultivating dragon fruit and offer practical guidance for optimizing flowering induction and improving fruit quality in commercial production systems.

Effect of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) on Apical Shoot Growth of Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud.) Wonosobo Clone In Vitro

2026-01-13T18:10:50+07:00

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud.) is considered an important natural fiber crop, particularly due to its profitability. However, its propagation still faces some ultrapractical cases. When typical vegetative styles are used, the number of new shops created is relatively low, which makes large-scale production less effective. To address this conclusion, an in vitro study was conducted on the initial Wonosobo ramie clone. The aim was to determine how different concentrations of 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP) affect apical shoot conformation. Six concentrations of BAP (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 ppm) were examined in a completely randomized design with four replications. During the cultivation period, several responses were recorded. The study observed the time for shoot emergence, number of shoots formed, and leaf development across all treatments. The response varied across different concentrations, with certain treatments exhibiting slower shoot formation and lower quantities. The highest shoot accumulation was obtained at 1.5 ppm BAP. These results indicate that BAP is important for stimulating shoot extension, but its concentration must be carefully optimized, as both too low and too high levels are less effective. Based on these findings, BAP with 1.5 ppm is optimal for enhancing in vitro shoot production of ramie.

Value Chain and Techno-Economic Analysis of Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seeds in Banyuasin, Indonesia

2026-02-06T08:40:04+07:00

Banyuasin Regency, located in the province of South Sumatra, has the largest area of rubber plantations in Indonesia, with huge potential as biodiesel feedstock, and generates income for rubber planters through the exploitation of the seeds. This study focuses on the value chain of the exploitation of seeds for biodiesel and its economic benefits to the planters using the Hayami method. The snowball and stratified random sampling methods were used to determine the pricing of the seeds. The value chain actors include the rubber planters, the crumb rubber processing and marketing unit, the biodiesel processing unit, and the consumers, which operate through the market governance structure. The findings indicate that rubber seed processing generates an added value of IDR 4,937/kg, with a value-added ratio of 64%, classifying it as a high-value commodity. Furthermore, integrating rubber seed value chain activities has the potential to increase farmers’ annual income by IDR 3,850,000, contributing to financial sustainability. A techno-economic analysis confirms the feasibility of intermediate-scale biodiesel production in Banyuasin Regency, with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.35, demonstrating its potential to create substantial economic value from rubber seeds. These findings highlight a strategic opportunity for the crumb rubber processing and marketing unit in the Banyuasin Regency to enhance its role within the supply chain while improving farmer profitability. By optimizing value chain efficiency and ensuring market stability, rubber seed-based biodiesel production can contribute to economic growth, rural development, and renewable energy advancement in Indonesia.

Performance of Floating Constructed Wetland in Reducing Phosphate and Nitrate Using Typha latifolia

2026-02-13T13:42:31+07:00

Pollution in rivers is caused by the direct discharge of untreated domestic waste, which is characterised by excessive foam on the water surface. This occurs due to relatively rapid population growth accompanied by limited waste management infrastructure, leading to river water pollution in Indonesia. Therefore, an effective, efficient, environmentally friendly, and low-cost solution is needed, such as a Floating Constructed Wetland (FCW) system using aquatic plants. In this study, the aquatic plant used was Typha latifolia, which was able to treat polluted water in the Kalidami River, Surabaya. The objective of this study was to determine the percentage reduction efficiency of each treatment for phosphate and nitrate in contaminated river water. This study evaluated the performance of a laboratory-scale floating constructed wetland planted with Typha latifolia for reducing phosphate, nitrate, and total suspended solids (TSS) in river water. The experiment was conducted using a batch system, and water quality parameters were monitored during the treatment period to assess pollutant removal efficiency. The results showed that the floating constructed wetlands system with single T. latifolia plants reduced phosphate by 40%, nitrate by 27%, and TSS 36.00%. FCWs technology with this plant is quite efficient in improving the quality of domestic wastewater before it is directly discharged into the river.

Optimization of Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium Production for Biomaterial Production on Solid Medium with Bamboo and Empty Palm Oil Bunch Variation

2026-02-07T16:46:46+07:00

The chemical composition of sengon wood is ideal for the nutritional needs of fungi, particularly wood fungi. Fungi obtain their energy by degrading the lignocellulosic components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) found in wood. Although sengon is an excellent substrate, its availability is limited, and its price continues to rise. Potential alternative cultivation media include bamboo and oil palm, which are the natural habitats of Ganoderma lucidum. This study investigates the potential of bamboo sawdust and shredded empty palm oil fruit bunches (EFB) as alternative substrates for growing G.lucidum. Currently, G. lucidum is cultivated using a cereal-based medium with sengon sawdust waste. This study examines the growth of G. lucidum in media containing bamboo sawdust and EFB as an alternative media derived from organic waste. The experiment involves three stages: inoculating G. lucidum into media with varying concentrations of bamboo sawdust and EFB, adapting the fungus to complex media with different concentrations of these materials, and finally substituting sengon sawdust with bamboo sawdust or EFB in a control medium to observe growth parameters. The results showed that most media supplemented with bamboo sawdust and EFB, except for the 2% and 4% bamboo sawdust concentrations in the first stage, significantly increased growth (p < 0.05). However, in the second stage, only certain concentrations (25% bamboo sawdust and 50% EFB) achieved the same growth rate as the control. In the third stage, G. lucidum in media modified with bamboo showed significantly faster growth, although the loss of organic matter was not significantly different. Although bamboo and EFB did not increase the biomass production of G. lucidum mycelium both showed potential as alternatives. These findings indicate that these materials are suitable for use as a growth medium for G. lucidum.

Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Crystal Guava Fruit Extract (Psidium guajava Linn. cv Kristal)

2026-02-07T15:55:32+07:00

Crystal guava (Psidium guajava Linn. cv. Kristal) was known to contain various secondary metabolites, particularly phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which acted as bioactive components with antioxidant potential. Characterization of these compounds is necessary to understand the chemical profile of the crystal guava fruit, especially in the edible portion. The objective of this study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid profiles in crystal guava fruit pulp extract with different maturation levels. This study was an experimental laboratory-based analytical study. Fruit pulp samples were dried to a constant weight, then extracted using the maceration method with methanol as the solvent. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents, while total flavonoid content was analyzed using the AlCl3 method and expressed as quercetin equivalents. Absorbance measurements were performed using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test, followed by the Mann–Whitney test to assess group differences. Results showed that the total flavonoid content from three samples was 130.9 mg QE/g extract, 93.3 mg QE/g extract and 185.9 mg QE/g extract. Meanwhile, total phenolic compound content was 198.5 mg GAE/g extract, 210.4 mg GAE/g extract, and 345.0 mg GAE/g extract. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p<0.05) in the total phenolic and flavonoid content between extract groups. These findings indicate that crystal guava fruit extract has significant variation in phenolic and flavonoid compound content, making it a potential subject for further study in the context of food-based bioactive compound utilization.