3BIO: Journal of Biological Science, Technology and Management

Macroalgae Inventory at Kondang Merak Beach, Malang RegencyRegency

Citra Sari Agustina — 2025-08-30

Macroalgae is a type of tuberous plant that does not have a clear distinction between roots, stems, and leaves. Macroalgae also have a very important role ecologically in marine ecosystems and have been widely utilized in the cosmetics industry, food sources and their potential as medicines due to their bioactive compounds. The presence of macroalgae in the waters is found in the intertidal zone and subtidal zone and occupies a variety of substrates in the waters. One location that has good potential regarding the presence of macroalgae is Kondang Merak Beach because of its natural ecosystem with the presence of mangrove vegetation, seagrasses, coral reefs, and protected forests. So this study aims to determine the types of macroalgae found at Kondang Merak Beach, Malang Regency. The research was conducted on 3 November 2024 in the Kondang Merak Beach area of Malang Regency. The research method used was free roaming with a qualitative descriptive approach. The sampling process was carried out at low tide around 05.00 WIB until 10.00 WIB, then the identification process was carried out in the field and laboratory. The results obtained nine species of macroalgae, namely Halimeda macroloba, Ulva lactuca, Padina gymnospora, Acanthophora spisifera, Hypnea valentiae, Gigartina papillate, Kappaphycus striatus, Galaxaura rugosa, and Palmaria palmata. The presence of macroalgae is also influenced by the abiotic conditions of the waters, the results of abiotic measurements show a temperature of 25.0°C, pH 7.67, DO 7 ppm, turbidity 34 NTU, TDS 14.6 mg/L, salinity 43 ‰, wind speed 1 m/s, light intensity 63372 lux, still in optimal conditions in supporting macroalgae life. Turbidity value of 34 NTU which tends to be rather high can be caused by strong ocean currents and hydro-oseanografi phenomena.

Region-Specific Thermal Stability of Kelulut Honey from Indonesia: Implications for Quality and Processing

Inda Setyawati — 2025-08-30

Kelulut honey, produced by stingless bees (Trigona spp.), is valued for its nutritional and medicinal benefits. However, thermal treatment can alter its physicochemical properties, affecting quality and functionality. This study assessed the impact of heating at 65 °C and 121 °C for 5 minutes on Kelulut honey from seven regions in Indonesia, analyzing changes in color intensity, total dissolved solids (TDS), solubility, viscosity, water content, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and acidity. At 65°C, solubility improved (e.g., Garut: 22.7 → 84.7) and TDS increased (Bogor: 77.0 % → 79.5 %), while 121 °C treatment led to significant HMF accumulation (mean: 25.91 → 40.16 mg/kg) and viscosity fluctuation. Klaten honey uniquely darkened at 121 °C, indicating regional compositional differences. Acidity dropped by up to 21% in Sumedang and Garut, while Bangka maintained stability. This study demonstrates that thermal treatment significantly influences the physicochemical quality of Kelulut honey and underscores the need for region-specific processing guidelines to maintain product integrity for food and medicinal applications, and that HMF, viscosity, and TDS could serve as reliable markers for assessing thermal effects in honey.

Using Machine Learning to Model Future Distributions of Babandotan Ageratum conyzoides L. Under Climate Change Scenarios (CMIP 5: RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5) until 2070 in Bandung Areas

Andriwibowo Andriwibowo — 2025-08-30

Ageratum conyzoides L., locally known as Babandotan, is an important plant in particular in West Java, including in Bandung, due to its medicinal uses. Currently, climate change is known to influence the distribution of organisms by altering climates and making habitats suitable or not suitable. Then, this present study is aiming to use machine learning to model future distributions of A. conyzoides under climate change scenarios CMIP 5 RCP 8.5 until 2070 in Bandung areas. The A. conyzoides occurrences were sampled from nine locations in Bandung and its surrounding areas. Machine learning using the R platform and MaxEnt algorithm was used to develop species distribution modeling (SDM). The model was then simulated using RCP 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios for the years 2050 and 2070. The quality of the model was assessed using AUC values. The current SDM model shows suitable habitats for A. conyzoides are sizing 1250 km2, mostly located in Bandung (56%), Kota Bandung (24%), and Sumedang (16%). The AUC value was 0.964, showing that the resulting model is good. Climate change will affect A. conyzoides in the future. Based on the RCP model, suitable habitats for A. conyzoides will be shifted northward, eliminating the suitable habitats in the south of Bandung, as can be seen in 2070.

Analysis of Characteristics, Bioeconomics, and Optimization of Sustainable Management of Largehead hairtail (Trichiurus Lepturus) Commodities in Coastal Waters of Pangandaran Regency

Annisa Rahmawati Kisam — 2025-08-30

Largehead hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) is a potential fish commodity in the seawaters of Pangandaran Regency. Fishing activities operate under an open-access regime, allowing unrestricted participation. The lack of catch restrictions can lead to overfishing. This research aims to determine the optimal level of production, fishing effort, and economic rent, both in terms of biology and economics, to ensure sustainable management of largehead hairtail resources in Pangandaran Regency. The research method used is a case study that includes both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through direct interviews with government officials, stakeholders, and fishermen, while secondary data, in the form of capture fisheries statistics for 2018–2023, were obtained from Cikidang Fishing Port. The analysis employs biotechnical analysis, bioeconomics, and static optimization using the Gordon-Schaefer model for bioeconomic analysis. The results showed that the standard fishing gear was purse seine with an average CPUE (catch per unit effort) of 32.86 kg/trip. Biological parameter estimation resulted in an intrinsic growth rate (r) of 0.872 tons per year, a fishing gear coefficient (q) of 0.00012 tons per trip, and an environmental carrying capacity (K) of 277,083 tons. Largehead hairtail resources in Pangandaran have not yet reached overfishing. The utilization rate of largehead hairtail was 42.69% with a ‘develop’ status. The Maximum Economic Yield (MEY) management regime provides the largest economic rent of Rp549,802,899 per year, with a maximum fishing effort of 3,684 trips per year and a maximum catch of 80.35 tons per year.

Relationship between Waste Cover Area with Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Mangrove Ecosystem in Pulau Dua Nature Reserve, Serang, Banten

Farros Hilmi Pratama — 2025-08-30

Pulau Dua Nature Reserve has undergone significant changes to its land, affecting its physical and chemical properties. Additionally, the increasing problem of scattered plastic waste raises concerns about its negative impact on the ecosystem. This study aims to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of Pulau Dua Nature Reserve and examine the relationship between the proportion of plastic waste cover area and environmental parameters. Microclimate, soil, and plastic waste proportion area data, especially plastic, were collected at 34 points using systematic random sampling, while water salinity was measured using accidental sampling because the pools for measuring salinity were not spread throughout the research area. A comparative analysis based on literature review and previous studies with mangrove ecosystems indicates that Pulau Dua’s mangrove vegetation is under threat from various environmental factors. Among these, the proportion of plastic waste cover area has the strongest correlation as moderate positive correlation with bulk density in Pearson Correlation Matrix. Independent Sample T-test comparing plastic waste cover area proportion based on bulk density class confirms that class 4 significantly affects bulk density. In conclusion, several physical and chemical parameters in Pulau Dua Nature Reserve do not align with optimal conditions for mangrove vegetation. The most related factors to plastic waste cover area proportion are bulk density because the indication is that areas covered with plastic waste are areas that are frequently passed by humans, thus increasing the bulk density of the soil. Value of bulk density will significantly different when proportion of plastic waste cover more than 2.5% based on Independent Sample T-test.

Exploring Local Plant-Based Antimicrobials for Conservation of Art and Cultural Objects in Indonesia: A Review

Septiyana Baroroh — 2025-08-30

Indonesia possesses a rich collection of art and cultural objects made from both organic and inorganic materials, which are highly susceptible to biodeterioration, particularly in the warm and humid tropical climate. Microorganisms are one of the primary causes of deterioration, leading to structural degradation, aesthetic changes, and the loss of historical and cultural value. Therefore, effective conservation strategies are needed to control the growth of microorganisms in conservation. This study examines various local plants used in traditional conservation in Indonesia, analyzing their bioactive compounds, effectiveness, and antimicrobial activity through a literature review. This study reviews various local plants used in traditional conservation in Indonesia by integrating ethnobotanical and microbiological conservation data from scientific literature. The analysis focuses on identifying bioactive compounds, reported antimicrobial activity, and their relevance to cultural material conservation. Findings indicate that Indonesian plants such as lemongrass, tobacco, clove, and nutmeg contain bioactive compounds with proven antimicrobial properties against microorganisms such as eugenol, alkaloids, citral, geraniol, monoterpenes and flavonoids. Although traditional conservation practices have been applied for a long time and have shown effectiveness, some of these practices lack scientific validation and require further research. Plant-based materials also generally have lower efficacy than synthetic chemicals, necessitating enhancement strategies such as nanoparticle technology. Further studies are essential to identify the mechanisms of active compounds in inhibiting microbial growth on cultural heritage objects, their long-term effectiveness, and their impact on various types of cultural materials. This study highlights the potential of local plants as antimicrobial agents in conservation of art and cultural objects. Further research is needed to optimize their application in modern conservation practices.