3BIO: Journal of Biological Science, Technology and Management

Strategic Alliances in the Biotechnology Industry: A Systematic Literature Review of Drivers, Outcomes, and Future Research Directions

Cikal Rambasae N — 2026-01-04

Strategic alliances play a pivotal role in the innovation-driven and uncertain landscape of the biotechnology industry. This study consolidates fragmented insights through a systematic literature review (SLR) of 161 peer-reviewed articles (1985–2025), following the PRISMA framework and combining bibliometric and thematic analyses. The review maps intellectual structures, thematic clusters, and geographical trends. Findings show that the field is anchored in innovation, biotechnology, and strategic planning, with strong contributions from the United States, while areas such as agricultural biotechnology, sustainability, and human capital remain underexplored. Thematic mapping indicates mature versus emerging themes, highlighting the rising importance of digitalization, inclusive innovation, and dynamic capabilities. Beyond mapping intellectual evolution, this review contributes theoretically by clarifying the role of alliances as vehicles for capability building, risk sharing, and knowledge flows. Methodologically, it demonstrates the value of integrating bibliometric and thematic approaches in systematic reviews. Practically, it offers guidance for managers and policymakers seeking collaborative solutions to address global health, environmental, and technological challenges.

Diversity and Community Structure of Fish in Saguling Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA) Area, Bandung Barat Regency

Hasbiyan Rosyadi — 2026-01-04

Aligning the sustainability effort of the Saguling Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA), Bandung Barat Regency, this study was conducted to understand the aquatic ecosystem balance through the diversity and community structure of the fish on those area. Data collection was conducted in July-September 2024 on 6 stations, which includes the environmental and fish diversity data through active method by direct capture and VES (Visual Encounter Survey), and also passive method through trapping and observation to the fish caught by fishermen or local residents. Data analysis was carried out through diversity, evenness, and species richness. Based on data collected, 570 fish from 22 species and 15 different families were found. The mostly found species were guppy (P. reticulata), pepetek (L. equulus), and red devil fish (a. labiatus). The environment of study area location in general has good circumstances of water quality to support fish lives and other fisheries activity (class 2 to 3) regarding to water quality standard. Based on ecological index calculation results, study area location has a medium diversity with a score of 2.548, high evenness with a score of 0.813, and medium species richness with a score od 3.464. While station 6 (Cicangkang Hilir) has the overall highest index compared to other stations.

Nanoemulsions of Biosurfactant and Cinnamon Essential Oil: A Promising Antimicrobial Approach for Oral Pathogens

Isty Adhitya Purwasena — 2026-01-04

Dental and oral care products often contain Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), which can cause allergic reactions and mucosal infection. Biosurfactants (BS) and cinnamon essential oil (CEO) are safer alternatives due to their antimicrobial properties. This study screens BS form five bacterial isolates, CEO, and their nanoemulsions prepared by low-energy method (NEL) and high- energy method (NEH) for inhibiting oral pathogens. Results showed that BS from Bacillus altitudinis were most effective against Candida albicans, while BS from Bacillus siamensis were most effective against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis. The minimum concentrations of CEO inhibiting C. albicans were 1900 ppm and both S. mutans and E. faecalis were 490 ppm. The minimum NEL and NEH concentration inhibiting C. albicans was 3.125 ppm BS+ 175 ppm CEO and 6.25 ppm BS + 350 ppm CEO, respectively. The minimum NEL concentration inhibiting S. mutans and E. faecalis was 7.82 ppm BS + 120 ppm CEO and 1.95 ppm BS + 120 ppm CEO, while the minimum concentration of both NEH was 3.125 ppm BS+ 175 ppm CEO. These findings suggest that BS combined with CEO in nanoemulsions are effective in inhibiting oral pathogens and can serve as promising alternatives to SLS.

The Effect of Acidity on the Growth and Chlorophyll a Content of Latoh (Caulerpa racemosa)

Caretta Trisari Vidyaningrum — 2026-01-04

Caulerpa racemosa is an edible green macroalga rich in chlorophyll. pH is a key environmental factor influencing seaweed performance, including growth and chlorophyll content. This study tested how pH affects growth and chlorophyll a in C. racemosa and identified the optimal pH. Experiments were conducted from November 2024 to January 2025 at the Center for Brackish Water Aquaculture (BBPBAP), Jepara, Central Java, using a completely randomised design with four treatments and three replicates: P0 (ambient pH), P1 (pH 8.25), P2 (pH 8.00), and P3 (pH 7.75). The highest biomass gain occurred at pH 8.25 (P1: 133.47 g), with the greatest specific growth rate also at pH 8.25 (P1: 3.02 % day^-¹). The highest chlorophyll a content was observed under ambient pH (P0: 303.61 ± 5.56 mg L^-¹). pH significantly affected both growth and chlorophyll a of C. racemosa (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Water-quality variables (dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, light intensity, nitrate, and phosphate) remained within ranges suitable for C. racemosa throughout the study.

In Silico Phylogenetic Analysis of Lamiaceae Based on ITS, matK, and rbcL DNA Barcodes

Chayra Endlessa — 2026-01-04

Lamiaceae, widely used as herbal medicine, is increasingly vulnerable to adulteration driven by market demand, compromising product safety and efficacy. Prevention is challenging due to morphological similarities; thus, DNA-based phylogenetics offer an alternative for accurate species authentication. However, Lamiaceae phylogenetics remain complicated by inconsistencies between morphological and DNA data. This study reconstructed Lamiaceae phylogeny using partial ITS, matK, and rbcL barcodes to evaluate their potential application in species authentication and adulteration prevention. Sequences for 52 species across 11 genera (Spathodea campanulata: outgroup) were obtained from NCBI GenBank, aligned, and trimmed. Four maximum parsimony (MP) trees were constructed in MEGA 11 (three single-barcode, one concatenated). The concatenated dataset was also analyzed by maximum likelihood (ML). Tree robustness was evaluated with bootstrapping, consistency index (CI), and retention index (RI). matK had the longest mean sequence (785.6 bp), rbcL the highest homology (83.5%), and ITS the most parsimony-informative sites (40.3%). MP trees exhibited moderate homoplasy (mean CI = 0.63) but strong synapomorphic signal (mean RI = 0.83). Individual barcodes produced similar genus groupings, yet misplaced several species. Concatenation corrected these positions across MP and ML trees, resolving six robust monophyletic clades (bootstrap >70%), broadly consistent with earlier phylogenies: Callicarpa; Scutellaria; Clerodendrum, Lamium, and Stachys; Salvia; Thymus, Origanum, and Mentha; Orthosiphon and Ocimum. Topological discrepancies with prior studies likely reflect differences in barcode choice and taxon sampling. Concatenated barcodes improved phylogenetic resolution in Lamiaceae, producing clades that identify potential adulterants and guide DNA marker development for species authentication and adulterant detection.

In Vitro Bacterial Activity of Seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) Against Vibrio harveyi

Rukisah Rukisah — 2026-01-04

Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is one of the featured products in Kalimantan Utara that still apply organic or traditional pond methods. Currently, production tiger shrimp has decreased due to a disease caused by Vibrio harveyi bacteria, which causes luminescent Vibrio disease or Vibriosis. Antibiotics are commonly used to treat this disease, but prolonged administration can lead to bacterial resistance The use of natural ingredients is an alternative solution to replace antibiotics, one of which is seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii). This study aims to determine the in-vitro inhibitory effect of seaweed extract against the growth of V. harveyi. This study using quantitative descriptive wih Kappaphycus alvarezii seeds from traditional farmers in Tarakan, Indonesia. Methods that were used in this research consisted of K. alvarezii extract preparation, bacteria preparation, phytochemical assay, and antibacterial assay of the extract followed by data analysis. The phytochemical assay consisted of alkaloid, phenol, flavonoid, saponin, and steroid assay. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the paper disc diffusion method with seaweed extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, while tetracycline served as the positive control and a solvent-only disc as the negative control. The results of phytochemical assay showed that the K. alvarezii extract contained alkaloid, phenol, flavonoid, saponin, and steroid. The antibacterial test showed that the seaweed extract with a concentration of 5% had an inhibition zone of 7 mm, 10% of 7.1 mm, 15% of 7.3 mm and at a concentration of 20% had the largest zone of inhibition with an inhibiton diameter of 13.3 mm. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the provision of Kappaphycus alvarezii is potentially inhibit the growth of V. harveyi in vitro but not significantly different when compared to the positive control. This activity is likely attributed to the natural compounds present in K. alvarezii, such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoid, saponin, and steroids, which are known to possess antibacterial properties.