Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia

ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF THE ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF JATROPHA CURCAS L. LEAVES USING THE FERRIC REDUCING ANTIOXIDANT POWER (FRAP) METHOD

Fahmi Sadik — 2026-10-26

Jatropha curcas L. leaves are known to be rich in bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the ethyl acetate fraction of Jatropha curcas leaf extract using the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) method. The process began with extraction using 96% ethanol, followed by fractionation with ethyl acetate. Antioxidant activity was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and the antioxidant concentration was determined using the Trolox standard curve. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited exceptionally high antioxidant capacity, with an average value of 9.192 ± 0.380 μmol TE/g. This value far exceeded the highest category in Bartolini’s classification. Phenolic compounds were identified as the primary contributors to this antioxidant activity, while flavonoids also contributed, albeit to a lesser extent. Differences in antioxidant capacity compared to other studies may be attributed to variations in extraction methods, solvent types, and raw material conditions. This underscores the importance of selecting appropriate extraction methods and solvents to maximize the antioxidant potential of natural products. With its significant antioxidant capacity, the ethyl acetate fraction of Jatropha curcas leaves holds great potential for further development in the pharmaceutical and health sectors as a natural source of antioxidants.

COMPARISON OF BLEEDING EVENTS BETWEEN FACTOR XA INHIBITORS AND VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENTS AT "X" HOSPITAL, MALANG CITY

Grace Subagyo — 2026-10-26

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and poses a major public health challenge. Arrhythmia is a common health issue encountered in hospitals, with atrial fibrillation (AF) being the most prevalent type. AF is characterized by irregular atrial activation, which can impair heart function. The anticoagulant to Vitamin K Antagonists (VKA) has long been used as a therapeutic strategy for AF, but it has limitations, particularly regarding bleeding risk. Factor Xa inhibitors, like Rivaroxaban or Apixaban may serve as alternative therapies for AF due to their safety profiles and lower risk of bleeding. This study aims to analyze the incidence of bleeding events in the use of factor Xa inhibitors compared with VKA in AF patients, based on clinical manifestations and/or laboratory data such as aPTT/PT and INR values, at “X” Hospital Malang City during the 2019–2024 period. This research is an analytical observational study with a retrospective cross-sectional design based on medical record data. The results revealed that there was a significant difference in bleeding events between factor Xa inhibitors and VKA groups based on clinical manifestations and/or laboratory data (p-value 0.006). Patients using VKA had a higher proportion of bleeding events (46.7%) compared to those using factor Xa inhibitors (15.2%). AF patients treated with VKA experienced a higher incidence of bleeding events compared to those treated with factor Xa inhibitors.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE VARIATION ON THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PREGELATINIZED GOROHO BANANA STARCH AS A TABLET EXCIPIENT

Mutmainnah — 2026-10-26

Starch is one of the most important excipients in tablet formulation; however, the flowability and compressibility of native starch are generally suboptimal. Physical modification through pregelatinization has been proven to improve the physical characteristics of starch. Goroho banana (Musa acuminafe sp.), which is widely found in North Maluku, has the potential to serve as an alternative local source of starch for the pharmaceutical industry due to its suitable amylose and amylopectin content. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature variation on the physical characteristics of pregelatinized goroho banana starch and to determine the optimum temperature for the process. Starch was isolated from goroho banana fruit using the decantation method, followed by pregelatinization at 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, and 90°C for 1 hour, then dried and sieved. Characterization included organoleptic properties, pH, loss on drying, flow rate, angle of repose, compressibility, bulk density, tapped density, Hausner ratio, particle size distribution, as well as morphological analysis (SEM) and functional group analysis (FTIR). The results showed that pregelatinization at 80°C produced the best physical characteristics with a flow rate of 11.0 g/sec, an angle of repose of 9.61°, compressibility of 16.8%, and an average particle size of 173.75 µm. SEM analysis revealed an agglomerated structure, while FTIR analysis showed no changes in the major functional groups. Pregelatinization at 80°C produced the optimal characteristics, indicating its potential for use as a tablet excipient.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ROSELA FLOWER EXTRACT LOTION (HIBISCUS SABDARIFA L.) WITH VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF HONEY AS HUMECTANT

Satwika Budi Sawitri — 2026-10-26

Roselle plants (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) contain several phytochemical compounds including phenols, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and anthocyanins. One of the compounds found in rosella flowers, such as anthocyanin, which is a type of flavonoid, has benefits as an antioxidant. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of calliandra honey, used as a humectant, on the physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of Rosela Flower Extract Lotion preparations. The physical characteristics of the preparation include organoleptic test, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, pH, stability test, and antioxidant activity test. The antioxidant activity test used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) method and then calculated the percent inhibition. Three formulas of lotion were made with a 2.5% concentration of roselle flower extract and a variation in the concentration of calliandra honey (1.5%; 2%; 2.5%). The positive control was 2% ethyl vitamin C lotion. The study showed that the lotion of roselle flower extract with calliandra honey concentration met the SNI standard. The concentration variation of calliandra honey can increase its antioxidant activity, where in F1 with IC50 value of 111.0 μg/mL; F2 108.29 μg/mL; F3 95.20 µg/mL; F4 an IC50 value of 106.29 μg/mL; F5 111.71 μg/mL; and F6 108,13 μg/mL. Data were statistically analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test followed by one-way ANOVA with 95% confidence level. From this study, it can be concluded that the lotion formula with an extract concentration of 2.5% combined with 2.5% honey has an IC50 value of 106.29 μg/mL.

DEVELOPMENT OF DISCRIMINATING AND IN VIVO CORRELATING DISSOLUTION METHOD FOR BCS CLASS II CILOSTAZOL IMMEDIATE RELEASE TABLET FORMULATION

Nur Warohmah — 2026-10-26

Cilostazol is used to treat symptoms of intermittent claudication in peripheral vascular disease. It is classified as a Class II drug in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, exhibiting low solubility and poor bioavailability, which makes pharmacokinetic evaluation essential during product development. This study aimed to develop a discriminative dissolution medium and method reliable for predicting the in vivo results of Cilostazol tablets. In this study, dissolution methods were developed according to regulatory guidelines using water (per USP monograph) and buffer solutions (pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8) supplemented with 0.05–0.30% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). Testing was performed on a formulated sample and a comparator product (n=12 each) at 37 ± 0.5 °C, with varying paddle speeds (50–75 rpm) and volumes (500–900 mL). The most biorelevant and discriminating condition—a pH 1.2 buffer with 0.05% SLS, 50 rpm paddle speed, and 500 mL volume—was identified as the most suitable in vitro profile for distinguishing the test formulation from the comparator and for predicting in vivo results.

ASSOCIATION OF TUBERCULOSIS AND ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS DRUG SIDE EFFECT KNOWLEDGE WITH ADHERENCE TO TUBERCULOSIS PREVENTIVE TREATMENT AMONG HIGH-RISK GROUPS FOR LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN GARUT REGENCY

Genialita Fadhilla — 2026-10-26

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately one-quarter of the global population has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with about 10% progressing to active tuberculosis (TB) while the majority remain in a latent state at risk of reactivation. High-risk groups such as healthcare workers and prisoners are more susceptible to Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI). This study aimed to analyze the relationship between knowledge of LTBI and anti-tuberculosis drug (OAT) side effects with adherence to Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy (TPT). An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted among 56 healthcare workers and 23 prisoners in Garut Regency. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using Spearman Rho correlation. The results showed that healthcare workers had higher levels of knowledge and adherence (89%) compared to prisoners, whose knowledge and adherence were lower and more variable. No significant relationship was found between LTBI knowledge and adherence in both groups (p>0.1), while knowledge of drug side effects was significantly associated with adherence only among healthcare workers (p<0.1) with weak correlation. These findings indicate that knowledge alone is insufficient to influence adherence, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies including motivation, drug accessibility, and environmental support to improve TPT outcomes.