Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences

Conditioned Medium of IGF1-Induced Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells Effects on Sox9 Gene Expression and Level of COL2 and IL1β in Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes

Wahyu Widowati — 2024-12-31

Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) hold promises for treating osteoarthritis (OA) due to their great capacity for regeneration and their accessibility. However, obstacles like poor cell survival and differentiation prevent them from being used in transplants. Thus, this study examined WJMSCs’ Conditioned Medium (CM) (WJMSCs-CM) for OA treatment. In order to determine how well IL1β-induced chondrocyte cells (IL1β-CHON002) heal OA-damaged cells, they were treated with both IGF1-induced and uninduced WJMSCs-CM. Key parameters measured were IL1β, Sox9 and COL2. The STRING database was explored to evaluate the proteins contained in WJMSCs-CM and to see their interactions and CM potential in OA exposure. The STRING database indicates WJMSCs-CM to possess the ability to manage OA because of the growth factors they contain, which raise the expression of cartilage marker genes. The results indicated that 15% WJMSCs-CM with 150 ng/mL IGF1 had the highest Sox9 expression, significant reduction in pro-inflammatory mediators, and an increase in COL2 levels. Additionally, 14 days of treatment resulted in better outcomes compared to 7 days. CM from WJMSCs treated with IGF1 with a concentration of 15% exhibited the highest level for each parameter. Both durations showed difference across parameters, highlighting the potential for OA therapy.

Density Functional Theory Investigation on Muon Hyperfine Interaction in Methylated Guanine-Cytosine Double-Strand DNA

Ammaina Jamaludin — 2025-02-13

The aims of this study were to determine the most likely Mu trapping sites based on total energy consideration as well as identifying the associated muon hyperfine coupling constant of 1, 2, and 3 methylated guanine-cytosine base pair double-strand DNA. The Density Functional Theory method was used at B3LYP/6-31G level of theory to accomplish the objectives of the investigation. The relative energy in the 3 methylated guanine-cytosine base pair double-strand DNA molecule showed that N7 sites in the guanine base have the lowest energy, followed by N3, and C8 sites. It was found that the addition of a methyl group at the C5 atom in the cytosine base does change the stability of the C8 sites in the 3 methylated guanine-cytosine base pair double-strand DNA molecule, but the associated muon hyperfine coupling constant (HFCC) is not affected. The results of this study indicate that there will be no overlaps in the resonance dips due to N7, N3, and all C8 sites of the guanine bases and N3, C5, and C6 sites of the cytosine bases in the Avoided Level Crossing Muon Spin Resonance spectrum.

On the Interaction between Trichogramma chilonis and Jatiroto Flies with Stem Borer Pests in Sugarcane Plantation

Rifky Fauzi — 2025-04-09

Pests in sugarcane plantations are a major cause of damage, which could lead to severe damage to the crop, reduction of sugar quality, and significant economic loss. One of the major pests known in sugarcane plantations is stem borer (Chilo sacchriphagus), which attacks the canes. Two primary parasitoids, Trichogramma chilonis, which predates the stem borer eggs, and the Jatiroto fly (Diatraeophaga striatalis), which predates the stem borer larvae, are discussed here. This paper presents a time-dependent ten-dimensional dynamical mathematical model consisting of four-stage stem borer compartments, three-stage Trichogramma compartments, and three-stage Jatiroto compartments. Simulations are presented to describe the phenomenon of Trichogramma predation, Jatiroto predation, and simultaneous predation of both predators. It is shown that the release rate of each predator and a combined release of two predators can significantly reduce the infestation levels to a tolerable level for sugarcane production. The oscillatory dynamics of the stem borers and the Jatiroto flies affected the release timing strategy based on the level of infestation in the field. The results are expected to help us better understand the predator-prey phenomenon in the field and improve the forecasting of infestations in the field.

Discretization and Associated Asymptotic Behavior for the Lax Equation with Skew-symmetry

Masato Shinjo — 2025-04-25

The computation of matrix eigenvalues is vital for understanding various scientific phenomena. The QR method, which is based on the QR factorization of a matrix, is a common approach in numerical linear algebra. In integrable systems, the one-step process of the QR method is related to the time evolution of the Lax equation. In this paper, we clarify the relationship between the QR method, which incorporates an origin shift parameter, and the Lax equation with skew-symmetry. Furthermore, we show the asymptotic convergence of discretization based on matrix factorization of the Lax equation with skew-symmetry as discrete time approaches infinity.

An Algorithm to Construct a Tridiagonal Matrix Factored by Bidiagonal Matrices with Prescribed Eigenvalues and Specified Entries

Koichi Kondo — 2025-04-25

This paper presents an algorithm to construct a tridiagonal matrix factored by bidiagonal matrices with prescribed eigenvalues and specified matrix entries. The proposed algorithm addresses inverse eigenvalue problems (IEPs) constrained by LR decomposition. Using techniques from discrete soliton theory, we derive recurrence relations that connect matrix entries and eigenvalues. The algorithm systematically computes unknown entries in the matrix from given spectrum data and partial matrix information. Several examples, including cases with real, complex, and multiple eigenvalues, demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Additionally, we provide conditions under which the algorithm successfully solves the IEP.