Urban Renewal and Growth Opportunity Barriers of Microenterprises: Between Working Space Scarceness and Incongruity in Shashemene City, Ethiopia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5614/jrcp.2018.29.3.5Keywords:
Urban, renewal, microbusiness, working space.Abstract
In Ethiopia lack of working space/business premises is one of the external growth opportunity barriers for microenterprises resulting in inefficient absorption of the large labor pool currently entering into this sector of the economy. It also results in sever competition among businesses for city space, leading to street vending and informal business. The overall purpose of this study was to examine the challenges faced by microenterprises pertinent to shortage of working space. A total of 564 samples (304 and 260 enterprise in old but transformed buildings and newly built buildings in the city, respectively) were selected using simple random sampling. For this particular study an embedded mixed research design (EMRD, one methodology within another one) was applied. The data were collected using a survey questionnaire, GIS and interviewes. The obtained quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and qualitative techniques, description and narration. The findings presented in this paper show the prevalence of working space scarceness and incongruity in Shashemene city. Thus, it can be suggested that the city need to revisit urban land leasehold proclamation performance, urban renewal initiative progress, and old business premises' transfer procedures, and also integrate local trade unions/chambers of commerce synergy and firms' growing working space demand.Keywords. Urban, renewal, microbusiness, working space.
Abstract. Di Etiopia, kurangnya ruang kerja/tempat usaha menjadi salah satu hambatan peluang pertumbuhan eksternal bagi usaha-usaha mikro yang mengakibatkan penyerapan yang tidak efisien akan tenaga kerja yang besar yang saat ini masuk ke sektor ekonomi. Hal ini juga mengakibatkan persaingan yang ketat di antara bisnis akan ruang kota yang mengarah ke penjual jalanan dan bisnis informal. Tujuan keseluruhan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat tantangan yang dihadapi oleh usaha-usaha mikro yang berkaitan dengan kurangnya ruang kerja. Ukuran sampel sejumlah 564 (304 dan 260 transaksi di gedung-gedung tua tetapi diubah dan bangunan yang baru dibangun di kota masing-masing) dipilih menggunakan teknik acak sederhana. Khusus untuk studi ini, diterapkan Embedded Mixed Research Design (EMRD, satu metodologi yang terletak di dalam yang metode riset yang lain. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan survei kuesioner, GIS dan wawancara. Data kuantitatif yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan SPSS versi 20 dan teknik analisis data kualitatif, deskripsi dan narasi. Temuan yang disajikan dalam artikel ini, menunjukkan bahwa ruang kerja di Shashemene memiliki prevalensi langka dan tidak sesuai. Dengan demikian, dapat disarankan kota tersebut meninjau kembali kinerja proklamasi sewa lahan perkotaan, kemajuan inisiatif pembaharuan perkotaan
prosedur transfer tempat usaha lama dan juga mengintegrasikan sinergi antara serikat pekerja/ruang perdagangan lokal dan permintaan akan ruang kerja yang meningkat.
Kata Kunci. Urban, pembaruan, bisnis mikro, ruang kerja.
Downloads
References
Abdollahi, M., M. Sarafi & J. Tavakolinia (2010) Barresi nazarimafhoommahalehvabaztarif an batakid bar sharayetmahalehaye Iran [Theoretical Interrogation of Neighbourhood Concept and Its Redefinition Based on Iran Urban Neighbourhoods' Conditions]. Human Geography Research 72, 83-102.
Ah Goo, D. (2018) Gentrification in South Africa: The "Forgotten Voices' of the Displaced in the Inner City of Johannesburg, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018
Alemie, B.K., R. Bennet,& J. Zevenbergen (2015) Evolving Urban Cadaster in Ethiopia: The Impacts on Urban Land Governance. Land use Policy 42, 695-705.
Andras T. (2011) The spatial Implications of Urban Renewal Carried Out by The ECC Programs in Pecs. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 60(3), 261-284.
Anjaria J.S. (2011) Ordinary States: Everyday Corruption and The Politics of Space In Mumbai. American Ethnologist 38(1), 58-72.
Astbury, B., F.L. Leeuw (2010) Unpacking Black Boxes: Mechanisms and Theory Building in Evaluation. American Journal of Evaluation 31(3), 363-381.
Austen, B. (2012) The last tower: The Decline and Fall of Public Housing. Harper's Magazine. Accessed from http://harpers.org/archive/2012/05/the-last-tower/.
Aynadis, Z. & M. Mohammednur (2014) Determinants of Growth of Micro and Small Enterprises in Ethiopia (A Case of MSEs in Mekelle City, Tigray). International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies 2(6), 149-157.
Baviskar, A. (2010) Spectacular Events, City Spaces and Citizenship: The Commonwealth Games in Delhi. In: Anjaria JS, McFarlane C (Eds), Urban Navigations: Politics, Space and The City in South Asia, 138-161. Routledge.
Bazeley, P. (2010) "Computer-Assisted Integration of Mixed Methods Data Sources and "Analysis' in Sage Handbook. In ATashakkori and C. Teddlie (Eds) (2010) Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research, 431-467. Sage; California.
Berihu Assefa, Abebaw Zerfu,& Biruk Tekle (2014) Identifying Key Success Factors and Constraints of Ethiopia's MSE Development: An Exploratory Research. EDRI Research Report 18. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Development Research Institute.
Bjeren, G. (1985) Migration to Shashemene: Ethnicity, Gender and Occupation in Urban Ethiopia. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
Bocken, N.-M.-P., P. Rana,& S. Short (2015) Value Mapping for Sustainable Business Thinking. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering 32, 67-81.
Bond L., M.J. McKee, E. Sautkina, A. Kearns, C. Tannahill, J. Cox (2013) Residents' Perspectives on Mixed Tenure Communities: A Qualitative Study of Social Renters and Owner Occupiers. GoWell. Glasgow Centre for Population Health-; Glasgow.
Bosselmann, P. (2009) Urban transformation: Understanding City Design and Form. Washington DC: Island Press.
Bradley, Q. (2014) The Tenants Movement: Resident Involvement, Community Action and The Contentious Politics of Housing. Routledge: Abingdon.
Budweg, S., K. Kristensen (2009) Co-creation in Distributed ICT Living Labs: A Reflection on Communicative Practices. In Proceedings of the INTERACT 2009 Workshop, Report A12349, SINTEF, Oslo, 13-16.
Burbank, M.J., G. Avdranovich, C.H. Heying (2012) Mega Events and Local Politics. In: Maennig W, Zimbalist A (eds) International Handbook on The Economics of Mega Sporting Events, 162-178. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham.
Campbell, H.E., Y. Kim & A. Eckerd (2014). Local Zoning and Environmental Justice: An Agent-Based Model Analysis. Urban Affairs Review 50, 521-552.
Canadian Urban Institute (2015) The Investable City: Canadian Urban Forum 2015. Accessed from http://static1.squarespace.com/static/546bbd2ae4b077803c592197/t/5693d7fc1c1210fd da4175ff/1452529664159/CanadianUrbanForum2015Outcomes-ForPublish.pdf.
Carmona, M., S. Tiesdell, T. Heath,& T. Oc (2010) Public Places Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design. Oxford: Architectural Press.
Chakravarty, S. &F. H. Chan (2016) Imagining Shared Space: Multivalent Murals in New Ethnic "Towns' of Los Angeles. Space and Culture 19, 406-420.
Clark, J. & A. Kearns (2012) Housing Improvements, Housing Quality and Psychosocial Benefits from The Home. Housing Studies 27(7), 915-939.
Clark, J.&V. Wright (2017) Urban Regeneration in Glasgow: Looking to the Past to Build the Future? The Case of the "New Gorbals', Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 J. Clark and N. Wise (eds.), Urban Renewal, Community and Participation, The Urban Book Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72311-23.
Clyde, G. (2011) Artist's brief: Eastgate Atrium Public Art Project. Glasgow: Clyde Gateway.
Cowan, A. (2016) A Nice Place to Visit: Tourism and Urban Revitalization in The Postwar Rustbelt. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Creswell, J.W. and V.L. Plano Clark (2011) Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
CSA (2012) Press Conference on Population Projection for Ethiopia, Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 9 June 2014.
Daniel Wolde (2016) Urban Land Transfer and State Monopoly in Value Capture in Ethiopia "2016 World Bank Conference on Land and "Poverty' the World Bank - Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016 Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia Addis Ababa City, Current Lease Bench Mark Price Circular No. 11/2012.
Davidson, M. (2011) Critical Commentary. Gentrification in Crisis: Towards Consensus Or Disagreement? Urban Studies 48(10), 1987-1996.
Davis, T.M. & A.N. Welcher (2013) School Quality and The Vulnerability of The Black Middle Class: The Continuing Significance of Race as A Predictor of Disparate Schooling Environments. Sociological Perspectives 56, 467-493.
DesalegnRehamato (2009) The Need for a National Agency for Land Affairs (graft). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Forum for Social Studies.
Donald, J. (1992) Metropolis: The City as Text. In R. Bobcock & K. Thompson (Eds.), Social and Cultural Forms of Modernity, 417-461. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Donnison, D. (2016) On Tap But Not on Top: Reflections on Academic Contributions to The Analysis of Social Problems and The Formulation of Social Policy. Speech Given for The Stevenson Trust for Citizenship, University of Glasgow, 9 Feb 2016. https://www.gla.ac. uk/media/media_445812_en.pdf.
Dutilleul, B., F.A.J. Birrer, W. Mensink (2010) Unpacking European Living Labs: Analyzing Innovation's Social Dimensions. Cent Eur J Publ Policy 4(1), 60-85.
Ellis, R. (2012) "A World Class City of Your Own'!' Civic Governmentality in Chennai. India Antipode 44(4), 1143-1160.
Engda Esayas Dube (2016) Spatiotemporal Pattern and Management of Street Vending in Dire Dawa City. PhD Dissertation. Addis Ababa University, 183-187.
European Commission (2009) Living Labs for User-Driven Open Innovation: An Overview of The Living Labs Methodology, Activities And Achievements. Accessed from http://www. eurosportello.eu/sites/
European Commission (2011) A Resource Efficient Europe-Flagship Initiative under the Europe 2020 Strategy. Accessed from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri= COM:2011:0021:FIN:EN:PDF on 30 Apr 2017.
Ewing, R. & S. Hamidi (2015) Compactness Versus Sprawl: A Review of Recent Evidence from the United States. Journal of Planning Literature 30, 413-432.
FDRE (2002a) A Proclamation to Provide for the Re-enactment of Lease Holding of Urban Lands.Proclamation No. 272/2002. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: NegaritGazeta.
FDRE (2014) Urban Landholding Registration Proclamation. Proclamation No. 818/2014. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: NegaritGazeta.
FDRE (2011b) Urban Land Management Policy. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Urban Development and Construction.
Florida, R. (2002) The Rise of the Creative Class: and How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. Princeton, NJ: Basic Books.
Friedmann, J. (2010) Place and Place-Making in Cities: A Global Perspective. Planning Theory and Practice 11, 149-165.
Gehl, J. (2010) Cities for People. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Ghertner, D.A. (2015) Rule by Aesthetics: World-Class City Making in Delhi. Oxford University Press, New York.
Gladki, J. (2013) Inclusive planning: A case study of Regent Park Revitalization, Toronto. In Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India (Ed.), Inclusive planning: State of The Urban Poor Report 2013. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
GLTN (2012) Handling Land; Innovative Tools for Land Governance And Secure Tenure. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-Habitat.
Gonzalez, S. (2010) Bilbao and Barcelona-"in motion'.How Urban Regeneration "Models' Travel and Mutate in The Global Flows of Policy Tourism. Urban Studies 48, 1397-1418.
Government of India. n.d. Jawaharlal Nehru National urban renewal mission: overview. Accessed ftom http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/UIGOverview.pdf on 6 September 2017
GTZ (2013) Woreda and City Benchmarking Study, World Bank, Ethiopia Second Urban Local.
Gusic, I. (2017) War, Peace and The City: Urban Conflicts Over Peace(S) in The Postwar Cities of Belfast, Mitrovica, and Mostar.
Harvey, D. (2012) Rebel cities: From the Right to The City to The Urban Revolution. New York: Verso Books.
Ho U (2017). There's a Real Social Cost to Gentrifying Joburg. Times Live, January 26. Accessed from http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/lifestyle/2017/01/25/Theres-a-real-social-cost-to-gentrifying- Joburg on 10 May 2017.
Hodkinson, S. & C. Essen (2015) Grounding Accumulation by Dispossession in Everyday Life: The Unjust Geographies of Urban Regeneration Under The Private Finance Initiative. Int J Law Built Environ 7(1), 72-91.
Hyra, D. (2013) Mixed-Income Housing: Where Have We been and Where do We Go from Here? Cityscape 15(2), 1230-134.
Jaffe, E. (2011) Descendants of the High Line. Accessed from http://www.theatlanticcities.com/ design/2011/09/what-high-line-hath-wrought/196/.
J. Clark and N. Wise (Eds.), Urban Renewal, Community and Participation, The Urban Book Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72311-2.
Karp, M. (2014) The St. Louis rent strike of 1969: Transforming Black Activism and American low-income housing. Journal of Urban History 40, 648-670.
Karvonen, A & B van Heur (2014) Urban Laboratories: Experiments in Reworking Cities. Int J Urban Reg Res 38(2), 379-392.
Kihato, C.W. L. Royston, J.-A. Raimundo & I. M. Raimundo (2013) Multiple Land Regimes; Rethinking Land Governance in Maputo's Peri-urban spaces. Urban Forum 24, 65-83.
Lees, L. (2012) The Geography of Gentrification: Thinking through Comparative Urbanism. Progress in Human Geography 36(2), 155-171.
Lees, L. & C. Melhuish (2015) Arts-led Regeneration in the UK: The Rhetoric and The Evidence on Urban Social Inclusion. European Urban and Regional Studies 22, 242-260.
Lefebvre, H. (1991) The Production of Space (trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith). Oxford: Blackwell.
Lipsitz, G. (2011) How Racism Takes Place. Temple University Press.
Lucio, J., L. Hand, & F. Marsiglia (2014) Designing hope: Rationales of Mixed-Income Housing Policy. Journal of Urban Affairs 36, 891-904.
Lupindo, M. (2015) We want to eat sushi in Maboneng. Umuzi, March 18. Accessed from http://umuzi.org/wewant- to-eat-sushi-in-maboneng/ on 3 May 2015.
Maciag, M. (2015) Gentrification in America report. Governing The States and Localities.
Madgin, R. (2013) A Town without Memory? Inferring the Industrial Past: Clydebank re-built, 1941-2013. In C. Zimmerman (Ed.), Industrial Cities: History and future. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag.
Magnusson, W.( 2011) Politics of Urbanism. London: Routledge.
Markusen, A. (2014) Creative Cities: A 10-year Research Agenda. Journal of Urban Affairs 36, 567-589.
Mihaylov, N. & D.D. Perkins (2014) Community Place Attachment and Its Role In Social Capital Development in Response to Environmental Disruption. In: Manzo L, Devine-Wright, P(Eds.) Place Attachment: Advances in Theory, Methods and Research. Routledge, UK.
Ministry of Urban Development, Housing and Construction (MUDHCo 2015a). National Urban Development Spatial Plan - Draft Final report.
Mulu Gebreeyesus (2007) Growth of Micro-Enterprises: Empirical evidence from Ethiopia, Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) Department of Economics. Gothenburg University, Sweden.
Munzner, K. & K. Shaw (2015) Renew Who? Benefits and beneficiaries of Renew Newcastle.Urban Policy and Research 33, 17-36.
Musterd, S. & A. Murie (Eds.) (2010) Making Competitive Cities. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Oakley, D., J. Fraser & J. Bazuin (2015) The Imagined Self-Sufficient Communities of HOPE VI: Examining The Community and Social Support Component. Urban Affairs Review 51, 726-746.
Parker, G. (2017) Johannesburg Revamp Leaves Poor Battling for Housing. The Huffington Post, January 4. Accessed from http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/01/04/johannesburg-revamp-leaves-poorbattling- for-housing_a_21647257/ on 10 May 2017.
Pierce, J., D.G. Martin & J.T. Murphy (2011) Relational Place-Making: The Networked Politics of Place. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 36, 54-70.
Pinoncely, V. (2016) Poverty, Place and Inequality: Why Place-Based Approaches are Key to Tackling Poverty and Inequality. Royal Town Planning Institute, London.
Pitman, J. (2013) Unrealistic Optimist. Entrepreneur Magazine, February 1. Accessed from http://www. entrepreneurmag.co.za/magazine-issue/entrepreneur-mag-feb-2013/ on 25 May 2014.
Pogrebin, R. (2015) Whitney Museum Contemplates A Bigger Future, with Bigger Expenses. The New York Times, 1 April.
Pollock, V.L. & J. Sharp (2012) Real Participation or The Tyranny of Participatory Practice? Public Art and Community Involvement in The Regeneration of The Raploch, Scotland. Urban Studies 49, 3063- 3079.
Porter, L. & K. Shaw (2009) Whose Urban Renaissance? An International Comparison of Urban Regeneration Strategies. London: Routledge.
Quinn, B. & L. Wilks (2013) Festival connections: People, Place and Social Capital. In G. Richards, M.P. de Brito & L. Wilks (Eds.) Exploring The Social Impacts of Events (pp. 15-30). London: Routledge.
Rees, M. (2013) Maboneng precinct: "I am an island'. Mail & Guardian, March 11. Accessed from https://mg.co. za/article/2013-03-08-maboneng-i-am-an-island on 28 Aug 2015.
Rerat, P., O. Sderstrm, E. Piguet (2010) New forms of Gentrification: Issues and Debates. Popul Space Place 16, 335-343.
Ruller, D. (2011) Bowman breakfast. Kent360.com, 30 September. Accessed from www.kent360.com/6387-bowman-breakfast.html.
Sepe, M. (2013) Planning and place in the city: Mapping Place Identity. New York: Routledge.
Shatkin, G.&S. Vidyarthi (2014) Introduction: Contesting the Indian city: Global Visions and The Politics of The Local. In: Shatkin G (ed) Contesting the Indian City: Global Visions and The Politics of The Local. Wiley, London
Shaw, K.S.& I.W. Hagemans (2015) "Gentrification without "Displacement' and The Consequent Loss of Place: The Effects of Class Transition on Low-Income Residents of Secure Housing in Gentrifying Areas. Int J Urban Reg Res 39(2), 323-341.
Short, J.R. (2012) Globalization, modernity and the city. New York: Routledge.
Sng, P. (2017) Dispossession, The great social housing Swindle. Velvet Joy Productions, Brighton.
Soja, E. (2010) Seeking Spatial Justice. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Southworth, M. & D. Ruggeri (2011) Beyond Placelessness: Place Identity and The Global City. Companion to Urban Design; Routledge, New York. 495-509.
Spirou, C. (2010) Urban Tourism and Urban Change. London: Routledge.
Stein, P. (2015). Why are Bike Lanes Such A Heated Symbol of Gentrification? The Washington Post. Accessed 16 May 17 at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/ 2015/11/12/why-arebike-lanes-such-heated-symbols-of-gentrification/
Stigt, R.V., P.P.J. Driessen &T.-J.-M. Spit (2013) Compact City Development and the Challenge of Environmental Policy Integration: A Mutli-Level Governance Perspective. Environmental Policy and Governance 23,221-233.
Sujee, Z. &T. Thobakgale- (2014) Too Classy to be Bothered with Joburg's Poor. Mail & Guardian, January 17. Accessed from http://mg.co.za/article/2014-01-16-too-classy-to-be-bothered-with-the-poor on 21 Jan 2014.
Tallon, A. (2010) Urban regeneration in the UK. Routledge, London.
Tashakkori, A. & C. Teddlie (2010a) Sage Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research. Thousand Oaks, CA-; Sage Publications.
Tashakkori, A & C. Teddlie (2010b). "Epilogue: Current Developments and Emerging Trends in Integrated Research Methodology', in Sage Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research, Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. (Eds) 2010, Sage, California, pp 803-826.
Taylor, K. (2010) After High Line's Success, Other Cities Look Up. The New York Times, 14 July.
TDIT (2010). IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, Vol. 318. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Tekel, S.H. (2011) Urban Land Policy Vis-a-Vis Tenure Security and the Environment: A Case Study of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. At FIG Conference on Knowing to Manage the Territory, Protect the Environment, Evaluate The Cultural Heritage, Rome, Italy.
Thurber, A & J. Fraser (2016) Disrupting the Order of Things: Public Housing Tenant Organizing for Material, Political and Epistemological Justice. Cities.
Thurber, A. (2018) Keeping More Than Homes: A More Than Material Framework for Understanding and Intervening in Gentrifying Neighborhoods, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 J. Clark and N. Wise (eds.), Urban Renewal, Community and Participation, The Urban Book Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72311-2_2.
UNDP (2014) Governance for Sustainable Development. Integrating Governance In The Post-2015 Development Framework. United Nations Discussion Paper, New York, 2014. Accessed from http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/ Discussion Paper- Governance-for-Sustainable-Development.pdf on 30 Apr 2017.
UN-Habitat (2008d) Ethiopian Urban Profile. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-Habitat.
UN-Habitat (2004a) Global Campaign for Secure Tenure- A Tool for Advocating The Provision of Adequate Shelter for The Urban Poor. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-Habitat.
UN-Habitat (2004b) The Urban Governance Campaign. -Nairobi Kenya: UN-Habitat.
UN-Habitat (2004c) Urban Land for All. Nairobi, Kenya.
Walsh, S. (2013) We won't Move. City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action 17(3), 400-408.
Wise, N. & M. PeriA (2016) Developing a Research Agenda to Assess Local Social Impacts of Sports Tourism Regeneration in Medulin, Croatia. Tourism in the City, 311-320.
Wise, N. & C. Julie (2017) Urban Transformations Geographies of Renewal and Creative Change: Regions and Cities, Routledge, Taylor and Francis group. Accessed from http://tayorandfrancis.com.
Wise, N., I. Mulec & T. Armenski (2017) Towards A New Local Tourism Economy: Understanding Sense of Community, Social Impacts and Potential Enterprise Opportunities in PodgraA?eBaA , Vojvodina, Serbia. Local Economy 32(7), 656-677.
Wise, N. & G. Whittam (2015). Editorial: Regeneration, Enterprise, Sport and Tourism. Local Econ 30(8), 867- 870.
Wise, N. (2015) Placing Sense of Community. Journal of Community Psychology 43, 920-929.
Wise, N. (2016) Outlining Triple Bottom Line Contexts in Urban Tourism Regeneration. Cities 53, 30-34.
Wolfe, T. (2005) Foreword. In Site: Identity in Density. Essays by Michael J. Crosbie, Michael McDonough and James Wines (Ed. S. Womersley, pp. 12-15) Mulgrave, Vic: The Images Publishing Group.
World Bank (2014) Ethiopia Local Government Revenue Study Part II-A Situational Analysis of Urban Local Governments in Ethiopia: The Institutional, Governance and Fiscal Context of Local Governments, Report no: AUS5340.
Young, R.A. (2012) Metropolitan Planning + Design: Stewardship of the Built Environment: Sustainability, Preservation, and Reuse. Washington, DC: Island Press.
ZelalemYirga Adamu (2014) Critical Analysis of Ethiopian Urban Land Lease Policy Reform Since Early 1990s FIG Congress 2014 Engaging the Challenges - Enhancing the Relevance Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 16-21 June 2014.
Zhao, W., J.R.B. Ritchie & C.-M. Echtner (2011) Social Capital and Tourism Entrepreneurship. Annals of Tourism Research 38, 1570-1593.
Zuk, M., A. H. Bierbaum, K. Chapple, K. Gorska, A. Loukaitou-Sideris, P. Ong, T. Thomas (2015). Gentrification, Displacement and the Role of Public Investment: A Literature Review (No. 2015-55). Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
Zukin, S. (2014) Postcard-perfect: The Big Business of City Branding. The Guardian, 6 May.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Manuscript submitted to JRCP has to be an original work of the author(s), contains no element of plagiarism, and has never been published or is not being considered for publication in other journals. The author(s) retain the copyright of the content published in JRCP. There is no need for request or consultation for future re-use and re-publication of the content as long as the author and the source are cited properly.
