Exceptional Aromatic Distribution in the Conversion of Palm-Oil to Biohydrocarbon Using Zeolite-Based Catalyst

I Gusti B. N. Makertihartha; Grandprix Thomryes Mart Kadja; Melia L. Gunawan; Rino R. Mukti; Subagjo Subagjo

doi:10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2020.52.4.9

Authors

I Gusti B. N. Makertihartha Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132,
Grandprix Thomryes Mart Kadja Division of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Melia L. Gunawan Center for Catalysis and Reaction Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132
Rino R. Mukti Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132,
Subagjo Subagjo Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132,

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2020.52.4.9

Keywords:

aromatic, bio-hydrocarbon, catalytic cracking, palm-oil, zeolite

Abstract

A series of four catalysts, i.e. ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 25) (Z1), a combination of ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 25) and zeolite Y (Si/Al = 25) (Z2), zeolite Y (Si/Al = 25) (Z3), and ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 80) (Z4), was successfully prepared for catalytic cracking of palm oil. All three catalysts utilized silica as a binder without other additional components. Catalytic cracking tests showed that the aromatic distribution was very high, according to the following order: Z4 (98%) > Z1 (90%) > Z2 (84%) > Z3 (60%). It was shown that ZSM-5 promotes the formation of aromatics better than zeolite Y does. From 98% of aromatics products in Z1, 71% were benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). It appears that the formation of aromatics needs milder acidity since a higher number of acids extends the cracking reaction, resulting in the formation of more gaseous and heavy aromatics products. The results of this study show potential for the sustainable production of bio-hydrocarbons with exceptional aromatic distributions, which may fulfill the demands of the petroleum, petrochemical, and fine chemical sectors.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Brad, A., Schaffartzik, A., Pichler, M. & Plank, C., Contested Territorialization and Biophysical Expansion of Oil Palm Plantations in Indonesia, Geoforum, 64, pp. 100-111, 2015.

Gatto, M., Wollni, M. & Qaim, M., Oil Palm Boom and Land-Use Dynamics in Indonesia: The Role of Policies and Socioeconomic Factors, Land Use Policy, 46, pp. 292-303, 2015.

Ahmed, Y., Yakoob, Z., Akhtar, P. & Sopian, K., Production of Biogas and Performance Evaluation of Existing Treatment Processes in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), Renew Sust Energ Rev, 42, pp. 1260-1278, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.073.

Rakkan, T., Suwanno, S., Paichid, N., Yunu, T., Klomklao, S. & Sangkharak, K., Optimized Synthesis Method for Transesterification of Residual Oil From Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Lipase from Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) Hepatopancreas to Environmentally Friendly Biodiesel, Fuel, 209, pp. 309-314, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel. 2017.07.115

Amani, H., Asif, M. & Hameed, B.H., Transesterification of Waste Cooking Palm Oil and Palm Oil to Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Using Cesium-Modified Silica Catalyst, J. Taiwan Inst Chem Eng, 58, pp. 226-234, 2016.

Sonthalia, A. & Kumar, N., Hydroprocessed Vegetable Oil as a Fuel for Transportation Sector: A Review, J. Energy Inst, 92, pp. 1-17, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.07.009.

Dewanto, M.A.R., Januartrika, A.A., Dewajani, H. & Budiman, A., Catalytic and Thermal Cracking Processes of Waste Cooking Oil for Bio-Gasoline Synthesis, AIP Conf Proceed, 1823, 020099, 2017. DOI: 10.1063/1.4978172

Sousa, F.P., Silva, L.N., de Rezende, D.B. & de Oliveira, L.C.A., Pasa VMD. Simultaneous Deoxygenation, Cracking and Isomerization of Palm Kernel Oil and Palm Olein Over Beta Zeolite to Produce Biogasoline, Green Diesel And Biojet-fuel, Fuel, 223, pp. 149-153, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/ j.fuel.2018.03.020

Xu, Z.X., Liu, P., Xu, G.S., Liu, Q., He, Z.X. & Wang, Q., Bio-Fuel Oil Characteristic From Catalytic Cracking of Hydrogenated Palm Oil, Energy, 133, pp. 666-675, 2017.

Tamunaidu, P. & Bhatia, S., Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil for the Production of Biofuels: Optimization Studies, Bioresource Technology, 98, pp. 3593-3601, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.028.

Regali, F., Boutonnet, M. & Jaras, S., Hydrocracking of N-Hexadecane on Noble Metal/Silica-Alumina Catalysts, Catalysis Today, 214, pp. 12-18, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.10.019.

Majka, M., Tomaszewicz, G. & Mianowski, A., Experimental Study on The Coal Tar Hydrocracking Process over Different Catalysts, J. Energy Inst., 91, pp. 1164-1176, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2017.06.007.

Belussi, G. & Pollesel, P., Industrial Applications of Zeolite Catalysts: Production and Uses of Light Olefins, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 158, pp. 1202-1212, 2005.

Alipour, S.M., Recent Advances in Naphtha Catalytic Cracking by Nano ZSM-5: A Review, Chin J. Catal, 37, pp. 671-680, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61091-9.

Mohite, S., Synergy Between Refinery-Petrochemicals and Future Configuration for Aromatics, Platts 2nd Annual Aromatics Summit, Seoul, Korea, 2014.

Ghorbannezhad, P., Firouzabadi, M.D., Ghasemian, A., de Wild, P.J. & Heeres, H.J., Sugarcane Bagasse Ex-Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis for the Production of Benzene, Toluene And Xylenes (BTX), Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 131, pp. 1-8, 2018. Doi: 10.1016/j.jaap. 2016.08.018.

Wan, H. & Chitta, P., Catalytic Conversion of Propane to BTX over Ga, Zn, Mo, and Re Impregnated ZSM-5 Catalysts, J. Anal Appl. Pyrol, 121, pp. 369-375, 2016.

Rezaei, P.S., Shafaghat, H. & Daud, W.M.A.W., Production of Green Aromatics and Olefins by Catalytic Cracking of Oxygenate Compounds Derived from Biomass Pyrolysis: A Review, Applied Catalysis A General, 469, pp. 490-511, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2013.09.036

Emori, E.Y., Hirashima, F.H., Zandonai, C.H., Ortiz-Bravo, C.A., Fernandes-Machado, N.R.C. & Olsen-Scaliante, M.H.N., Catalytic Cracking of Soybean Oil Using ZSM5 Zeolite, Catalysis Today, 279, pp. 168-176, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.05.052.

Rao, T.V.M., Dupain, X. & Makkee, M., Fluid Catalytic Cracking: Processing Opportunities for Fischer-Tropsch Waxes and Vegetable Oils to Produce Transportation Fuels and Light Olefins, Micropor Mesopor Mater, 164, pp. 148-163, 2016.

Wardani, M.K., Kadja, G.T.M., Fajar, A.T.N., Subagjo, Makertihartha I.G.B.N., Gunawan, M.L., Suendo, V. & Mukti, R.R., Highly Crystalline Mesoporous SSZ-13 Zeolite Obtained Via Controlled Post-Synthetic Treatment, RSC Advances, 9, 77-86, 2019. DOI: 10.1039/C8RA08979E.

Kadja, G.T.M., Kadir, I.R., Fajar, A.T.N., Suendo, V. & Mukti, R.R., Revisiting the Seed-assisted Synthesis of Zeolites without Organic Structure-directing Agents: Insights from the CHA Case, RSC Adv, 10, pp. 5304-5315, 2020.

Darmayanti, L., Kadja, G.T.M., Notodarmojo, S., Damanhuri, E. & Mukti, R.R., Structural Alteration within Fly Ash-based Geopolymers governing the Adsorption of Cu2+ from Aqueous Environment: Effect of Alkali Activation, J Hazard Mater, 377, pp. 305-314, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/ j.jhazmat.2019.05.086.

Nada, M.H., Gillan, E.G. & Larsen, S.C., Mechanochemical Reaction Pathways in Solvent-Free Synthesis Of ZSM-5, Micropor Mesopor Mater, 276, pp. 23-28, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2018.09.009.

Liu, Z., Wu, D., Ren, S., Chen, X., Qiu, M., Liu, G., Zeng, G. & Sun, Y., Facile One-Pot Solvent-Free Synthesis of Hierarchical ZSM-5 for Methanol to Gasoline Conversion, RSC Adv, 6, pp. 15816-15820, 2016. DOI: 10.1039/C6RA00247A.

Twaiq, F.A., Zabidi, N.A.M. & Bhatia, S., Catalytic Conversion of Palm Oil to Hydrocarbons:" Performance of Various Zeolite Catalysts, Ind Eng Chem Res, 38, pp. 3230-3237, 1999.

Ishihara, A., Tsukamoto, T., Hashimoto, T. & Nasu, H., Catalytic Cracking of Soybean Oil By ZSM-5 Zeolite-Containing Silica-Aluminas with Three Layered Micro-Meso-Meso-Structure, Catalysis Today, 303, pp. 123-129, 2018.

Yang. J., Gong, K., Miao, D., Jiao, F., Pan, X., Meng, X., Xiao, F. & Bao, X., Enhanced Aromatic Selectivity by the Sheet-Like ZSM-5 in Syngas Conversion, J Energ Chem, 35, pp. 44-48, 2019.

Mochizuki, H., Yokoi, T., Imai, H,, Watanabe, R., Namba, S., Kondo, J.N. & Tatsumi, T., Facile Control of Crystallite Size of ZSM-5 Catalyst for Cracking of Hexane, Micropor Mesopor Mater, 145, pp. 165-171, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.05.011.

Engtrakul, C., Mukarakate, C., Starace, A.K., Magrini, K.A., Rogers, A.K. & Yung, M.M., Effect Of ZSM-5 Acidity on Aromatic Product Selectivity during Upgrading of Pine Pyrolysis Vapors, Catal Today, 269, pp. 175-181, 2016.

Anderson, P.C., Sharkey, J.M. & Walsh, R.P., Calculation of the Research Octane Number of Motor Gasolines from Gas-Chromatographic Data and A New Approach to Motor Gasoline Quality Control, J. Inst. Pet, 58, pp. 83-94, 1972.

Ishihara, A., Kawaraya, D., Sonthisawate, T., Kimura, K., Hashimoto, T. & Nasu, H., Catalytic Cracking of Soybean Oil by Hierarchical Zeolite Containing Mesoporous Silica-Aluminas Using a Curie Point Pyrolyzer, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 396, pp. 310-318, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2014.10.010.