Extraction of Free Fatty Acid Mixtures from Rice Bran Oil by Aqueous Renewable Alcohols: Liquid-liquid Equilibrium Diagram and Number of Equilibrium Stages
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2021.53.1.8Keywords:
equilibrium stage, fatty acid mixture, renewable alcohol, rice bran oil, solvent extractionAbstract
This work is aimed to measure the liquid-liquid equilibria of rice bran oil-fatty acid-aqueous alcohols using fatty acid mixtures derived from rice bran oil as solutes and to calculate the number of equilibrium stages required for the extraction process. Renewable alcohols, ethanol and isopropanol in aqueous form were used as solvents. The liquid-liquid equilibrium data were measured at 25C and presented as ternary diagrams. It was found that ethanol gave a lower distribution coefficient than isopropanol. For the same solvent, increasing the water content resulted in a lower distribution coefficient. For the free fatty acid contents of 30% in the feed and of 10% to 2.5% in the raffinate, the minimum solvent-to-feed ratio was found to be in the range of 1 to 5. Using solvent-to-feed ratios from 2 to 4, the number of extraction stages required was in the range of 1 to 8. Based on the minimum solvent-to-feed ratio and number of equilibrium stages, isopropanol was found to be better than ethanol.
Downloads
References
Luh, B.S., Rice: Production and Utilization, AVI Publishing Co, Westport, Connecticut, United States, 1980.
Shahidi, F., Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, United States, 2005.
Cheong, L.-Z. & Xu, X., Rice Bran and Rice Bran Oil: Chemistry, Processing and Utilization, Elsevier, London, United Kingdomm 2019.
Sugano, M. & Tsuji, E., Rice Bran Oil and Cholesterol Metabolism, Journal of Nutrition, 127(3), pp. 521-523, 1997.
Sugano, M., Koba, K. & Tsuji, E., Health Benefits of Rice Bran Oil, Anticancer Res., 19(5A), pp. 3651-3658, 1999.
Schaffer, S., M1/4ller, W.E. & Eckert, G.P., Tocotrienols: Constitutional Effects in Aging and Disease, Journal of Nutrition, 135(2), pp. 151-154, 2005.
Theriault, A., Chao, J.T., Wang, Q., Gapor, A. & Adeli, K., Tocotrienol: A Review of Its Therapeutic Potential, Clinic. Biochem., 32(5), pp. 309-319, 1999.
Garba, U., Singanusong, R., Jiamyangyuen, S. & Thongsook, T., Extraction and Utilization of Rice Bran Oil: A Review, In Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Rice Bran Oil, International Association of Rice Bran Oil, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 1-12, 2017.
Devarajan, S., Singh, R., Chatterjee, B., Zhang, B. & Ali, A., A Blend of Sesame Oil and Rice Bran Oil Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves the Lipid Profile in Mild-To-Moderate Hypertensive Patients, Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 10(2), pp. 339-349, 2016.
Gupta, P.K., Jadhav, S.B. & Singhal, R.S., Development of Shrikhand Premix Using Microencapsulated Rice Bran Oil as Fat Alternative and Hydrocolloids as Texture Modifier, Food Hydrocolloids, 48, pp. 220-227, 2015.
Kale, R.D., Gorade, V.G., Madye, N., Chaudhary, B., Bangde, P.S. & Dandekar, P.P., Preparation and Characterization of Biocomposite Packaging Film from Poly(Lactic Acid) and Acylated Microcrystalline Cellulose Using Rice Bran Oil, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 118, pp. 1090-1102, 2018.
Salinas-Solano, G., Porcayo-Calderon, J., Martinez de la Escalera, L.M., Canto, J., Casales-Diaz, M., Sotelo-Mazon, O., Henao, J. & Martinez-Gomez, L., Development and Evaluation of a Green Corrosion Inhibitor Based on Rice Bran Oil Obtained from Agro-Industrial Waste, Industrial Crops and Products, 119, pp. 111-124, 2018.
Ihoeghian, N.A. & Usman, M.A., Exergetic Evaluation of Biodiesel Production from Rice Bran Oil Using Heterogeneous Catalyst, Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 32(2), pp. 101-107, 2020.
Nguyen, D.D., Dharmaraja, J., Shobana, S., Sundaram, A., Chang, S.W., Kumar, G., Shin, H.-S., Saratale, R.G. & Saratale, G.D., Transesterification and Fuel Characterization of Rice Bran Oil: A Biorefinery Path, Fuel, 253, pp. 975-987, 2019.
El Khatib, S.A., Hanafi, S.A., Barakat, Y. & Al-Amrousi, E.F., Hydrotreating Rice Bran Oil for Biofuel Production, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 27(4), pp. 1325-1331, 2018.
Ghosh, M., Review on Recent Trends in Rice Bran Oil Processing, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 84(4), pp. 315-324, 2007.
Bhosle, B.M. & Subramanian, R., New Approaches in Deacidification of Edible Oils: A Review, Journal of Food Engineering, 69, pp. 481-494, 2005.
Habaki, H., Hayashi, T. & Egashira, R., Deacidification Process of Crude Inedible Plant Oil by Esterification for Biodiesel Production, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(2), pp. 3054-3060, 2018.
Wang, X., Lu, J., Liu, H., Jin, Q. & Wang, X., Improved Deacidification of High-Acid Rice Bran Oil by Enzymatic Esterification with Phytosterol, Process Biochemistry, 51(10), pp. 1496-1502, 2016.
Wang, X., Wang, X. & Wang, T., An Effective Method for Reducing Free Fatty Acid Content of High-Acid Rice Bran Oil by Enzymatic Amidation, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 48, pp. 119-124, 2017.
Azmi, R.A., Goh, P.S., Ismail, A.F., Lau, W.J., Ng, B.C., Othman, N.H., Noor, A.M. & Yusoff, M.S.A., Deacidification of Crude Palm Oil Using PVA-Crosslinked PVDF Membrane, Journal of Food Engineering, 166, pp. 165-173, 2015.
Firman, L., Ochoa, N.A., Marchese, J. & Pagliero, C., Simultaneous Improvement in Solvent Permeability and Deacidification of Soybean Oil by Nanofiltration, Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(2), pp. 398-407, 2017.
Zullaikah, S., Wibowo, N.D., Wahyudi, I.M.G.E.D. & Rachimoellah, M., Deacidification of Crude Rice Bran Oil (CRBO) to Remove FFA and Preserve -Oryzanol Using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES), Materials Science Forum, 964, pp. 109-114, 2019.
Zahrina, I., Nasikin, M., Krisanti, E. & Mulia, K., Deacidification of Palm Oil Using Betaine Monohydrate-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents, Food Chemistry, 240, pp. 490-495, 2018.
Albuquerque, A.A., Cavalcanti, C.J.S., Soares, C.H.M., Pimentel, M.F. & Stragevitch, L., Optimization of the Extraction of Free Fatty Acids Applied to Biodiesel Production, Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 35(2), pp. 327-340, 2018.
Apelblat, A., Zaharoskin, T., Wisniak, J. & Korngold, E., Extraction of Oleic Acid from Soybean Oil and Jojoba Oil Phase Diagrams, Journal of Oil Chemist Society, 73(2), pp. 239-244, 1996.
Batista, E., Monnerat, S., Kato, K., Stragevitch, L. & Meirelles, A.J.A., Liquida^liquid Equilibrium for Systems of Canola Oil, Oleic Acid, and Short-Chain Alcohols, Journal of Chemical Engineering and Data, 44(6), pp. 1360-1364, 1999.
Batista, E., Monnerat, S., Stragevitch, L., Pina, C.G., Gonalves, C.B. & Meirelles, A.J.A., Prediction of Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium for Systems of Vegetable Oils, Fatty Acids, and Ethanol, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 44(6), pp. 1365-1369, 1999.
Mohsen-Nia, M. & Dargahi, Mahdi, Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium for Systems of (Corn Oil + Oleic Acid + Methanol or Ethanol) at (303.15 and 313.15) K, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 52(3), pp. 910-914, 2007.
Silviana, Measurement and Calculation of Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of Edible Oil-Free Fatty Acid-Methanol Systems, Master Thesis Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 2001.
Mohsen-Nia, M. & Khodayari, A., De-Acidification of Sunflower Oil by Solvent Extraction: (Liquid+Liquid) Equilibrium Data at T=(303.15 and 313.15)K, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 40(8), pp. 1325-1329, 2008.
Busto, M. & Vera, C.R., Deacidification of Vegetable Oil by Extraction with Solvent Recovery, Adsorption, 25(7), pp. 1397-1407, 2019.
Gonalves, C.B., Batista, E. & Meirelles, A.J.A., Liquida^Liquid Equilibrium Data for the System Corn Oil + Oleic Acid + Ethanol + Water at 298.15 K, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 47(3), pp. 416-420, 2002.
Gonalves, C.B. & Meirelles, A.J.A., Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Data for the System Palm Oil + Fatty Acids + Ethanol + Water at 318.2 K, Fluid Phase Equilib., 221(1-2), pp. 139-150, 2004.
da Silva, A.E., Lanza, M., Batista, E.A.C., Rodrigues, A.M.C., Meirelles, A.J.A. & da Silva, L.H.M., Liquida^Liquid Equilibrium Data for Systems Containing Palm Oil Fractions + Fatty Acids + Ethanol + Water, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 56(5), pp. 1892-1898, 2011.
Chiyoda, C., Peixoto, E.C.D., Meirelles, A.J.A. & Rodrigues, C.E.C., Liquid-liquid Equilibria for Systems Composed of Refined Soybean Oil, Free Fatty Acids, Ethanol, and Water at Different Temperature, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 299(1), pp. 141-147, 2010.
Cuevas, M.S., Rodrigues, C.E.C. & Meirelles, A.J.A., Effect of Solvent Hydration and Temperature in the Deacidification Process of Sunflower Oil using Ethanol, Journal of Food Engineering, 95(2), pp. 291-297, 2009.
Rodrigues, C.E.C. & Meirelles, A.J.A., Extraction of Free Fatty Acids from Peanut Oil and Avocado Seed Oil: Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Data at 298.2 K, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 53(8), pp. 1698-1704, 2008.
Rodrigues, C.E.C., Antoniassi, R. & Meirelles, A.J.A., Equilibrium Data for the System Rice Bran Oil + Fatty Acids + Ethanol + Water at 298.2 K, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 48(2), pp. 367-373, 2003.
Rodrigues, C.E.C., Filho, P.A.P. & Meirelles, A.J.A., Phase Equilibrium for the System Rice Bran Oil + Fatty Acids + Ethanol + Water + -Oryzanol + Tocols, Fluid Phase Equilib., 216(2), pp. 271-283, 2004.
Rodrigues, C.E.C., Onoyama, M.M. & Meirelles, A.J.A., Optimization of the Rice Bran Oil Deacidification Process by Liquid-Liquid Extraction, Journal of Food Engineering, 73(4), pp. 370-378, 2006.
Shah, K.J. & Venkatesan, T.K., Aqueous Isopropyl Alcohol for Extraction of Free Acids from Oils, JAOCS, 66(6), pp. 783-787, 1989.
Oliveira, C.M., Garavazo, B.R. & Rodrigues, C.E.C., Liquid-
Liquid Equilibria for Systems Composed of Rice Bran Oil and Alcohol-Rich Solvents: Application to Extraction and Deacidification of Oil, Journal of Food Engineering, 110(3), pp. 418-427, 2012.
Lima, D.F.B., F. dos Santos, L., B. Pereira, D., K. Lenzi, M., L. Corazza, M. & A. P. Voll, F., Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium in Systems Containing Olive Oil, Free Fatty Acids, Ethanol and Water, The Open Chemical Engineering Journal, 10(1), pp. 10-17, 2016.
FAO, World Food and Agriculture: Statistical Yearbook 2020, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 2020, DOI: 10.4060/cb1329en.
Ardila, Y.C., Pinto, G.M.F., Machado, A.B. & Wolf Maciel, M.R., Experimental Determination of Binodal Curves and Study of the Temperature in Systems Involved in the Production of Biodiesel with Ethanol, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 55(11), pp. 4592-4596, 2010.
Paquot, C., Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives, Commission on Oils, Fats, and Derivatives, Thiais, France, 1979.
Ginting, R.R., Mustain, A. & Wibawa, G., Determination of Ternary Liquid-Liquid Equilibria for Dimethyl Carbonate + 2-Methyl-1-propanol or 2-Methyl-2-propanol + Water Systems at T = 303.15 and 313.15 K, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 62(1), pp. 463-468, 2016.
Bachman, I., Tie Lines in Ternary Liquid Systems, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition, 12(1), pp. 38-39, 1940.
Brown, T.F., Distribution in Hydrocarbon Solvent Systems, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 40(1), pp. 103-106, 1948.
Reichardt, C., Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2003.
Coulson, J.M. & Harker, J.H., Coulson and Richardson Chemical Engineering: Particle Technology and Separation Process, Butterworth-Heinemann, Singapore, 2002.
.png){kind=logo}
