Comparison of Liquid Product Characteristics of PFAD Metal Soap Decarboxylation by Batch and Continuous Process
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2021.53.3.11Keywords:
batch decarboxylation, continuous decarboxylation, metal basic soap, green diesel, bio-hydrocarbonAbstract
Well-run continuous processes will benefit the industrial world in the future. This paper investigated the effect of batch and continuous processes on metal basic soap decarboxylation in terms of the liquid product characteristics. The metal soap used in the process was made from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) reacted with mixed metal oxides of Zn, Mg, and Ca. While the batch decarboxylation was carried out in a batch reactor at 400 C for 5 hours, the continuous decarboxylation was conducted at 400 C with a feed flow rate of 3.75 gr/minutes. Theoretically, the yield of batch decarboxylation is 76.6 wt% while the yield of continuous decarboxylation is 73.37 wt%. The liquid product was fractionated to separate short-chain hydrocarbon of C7-C10 (gasoline fractions) from medium- to long-chain hydrocarbons, or greater than C11 (green diesel fraction). The result showed that the alkane content from the batch process was higher than from the continuous process, whereas the continuous process produced more ketone products compared to the batch process. Furthermore, the GC-FID analysis showed a similar amount of total hydrocarbon (alkane, iso-alkane, and alkene) in both the batch and the continuous process.
Downloads
References
Bunting, B., Bunce, M., Barone, T. & Storey, Fungible and Compatible Biofuels: Literature Search, Summary, and Recommendations, Technical Report ORNL/TM-2010/120, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States, Sept. 2010.
NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory), Biodiesel and Other Renewable Diesel Fuels, Technical Report NREL/FS-510-40419, Midwest Research Institute, Colorado, Nov. 2006.
Gunawardena, D.A. & Fernando, S.D., Methods and Applications of Deoxygenation for the Conversion of Biomass to Petrochemical Products, Biomass Now-Cultivation and Utilization, InTech Chapter 11 pp. 274-298, 2013.
Wang, Y., Fang, Y., He, T., Hu, H. & Wu, J., Hydrodeoxygenation of Dibenzofuran over Noble Metal Supported on Mesoporous Zeolite, J Catalysis Communication, 12, pp. 1201-1205, April 2011.
Neonufa, G.F., Soerawidjaja, T.H. & Prakoso, T., Catalytic and Thermal Decarboxylation of Mg-Zn Basic Soap to Produce Drop-in Fuel in Diesel Boiling Range, J. Eng. Technol, 5(5), pp. 575-586, Nov. 2017.
Santos, M.C., Louren, R.M., De Abreu, D.H., Pereira, A.M., De Castro, D.A.R., Pereira, M.S., Almeida, H.S., Mcio, A.A., Lhamas, D.E.L., De Mota., S.A.P., Souza, J.A.S., Junior, S.D., Arao, M.E., Borges, L.E.P. & Machado, N.T., Gasoline-like Hydrocarbons by Catalytic Cracking of Soap Phase Residu of Neutralization Process of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis Jac), J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 71, pp. 106-119, Feb. 2017.
Demirba, A. & Kara, H., New Options for Conversion of Vegetable Oils to Alternative Fuels, J. Energy Sources, Part A, 28, pp. 619-626, Aug. 2006.
Neonufa, G.F., Pratiwi, M., Prakoso, T., Purwadi, R. & Soerawidjaja, T. H., Catalytic Thermal Decarboxylation of Palm Kernel Oil Basic Soap into drop-in Fuel, Matec Web of Conf., pp. 1-5, 2019.
Neonufa, G.F., Pratiwi, M., Prakoso, T., Purwadi, R. & Soerawidjaja, T. H., High Selectivity of Alkanes Production by Calcium Basic Soap Thermal Decarboxylation, Matec Web of Conf., pp. 1-4, 2018. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201815603035
Coppos, A.R.R., Kahn, S. & Borges, L.E.P., Biofuels Production by Thermal Cracking of Soap from Brown Grease, J. Industrial Crops & Products, 112, pp. 561-568, 2018.
Mancio, A.A., Costa, K.M.B., Ferreira, C.C., Santos, M.C., Lhamas, D.E.L., De Mota, S.A.P., Le, R.A.C., De Souza, R.O.M.A., Arao, M.E., Borges, L.E.P. & Machado, N.T., Thermal Catalytic Cracking of Crude Palm Oil at Pilot Scale: Effect of the Percentage of Na2CO3 on the Quality of Biofuels, J. Ind. Cr, 91, pp. 32-43, July 2016.
Gamal, M.S., Asikin-Mijan, N., Arumugam, M., Rashid, U. & Taufik-Yap, Y.H., Solvent-free Catalytic Deoxygenation of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate over Cobalt and Manganese Supported on Activated Carbon Originating from Waste Coconut Shell, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 144, pp. 104690, Sept. 2019.
Janampelli, S. & Darbha, S., Selective and Reusable Pt-WOx/Al2O3 Catalyst for Deoxygenation of Fatty Acids and Their Esters to Diesel-Range Hydrocarbons, J. Catal. Today, 309, pp. 219-226, July 2018.
Sembiring, K.C., Aunillah, A., Minami, E. & Saka, S., Renewable Gasoline Production from Oleic Acid by Oxidative Cleavage Followed by Decarboxylation, J. Renew. Energy, 122, pp. 602-607, July 2018.
Zhong, H., Jiang, C., Zhong, X., Wang, J., Jin, B., Yao, G., Luo, L. & Jin, F., Non-precious Metal Catalyst, Highly Efficient Deoxygenation of Fatty Acids to Alkanes with In Situ Hydrogen from Water, J. Clean. Prod., 209, pp. 1228-1234, Feb. 2019.
Wang, W., Thapaliya, N., Campos, A., Stikeleather, L.F. & Roberts, W.L., Hydrocarbon Fuels from Vegetable Oils via Hydrolysis and Thermo-Catalytic Decarboxylation, J. Fuel, 95, pp. 622-629, Jan. 2012.
Hossain, Z.M., Chowdhury, M.B.I., Jhawar, A.K., Xu, W.Z. & Charpentier, P.A., Continuous Low Pressure Decarboxylation of Fatty Acids to Fuel-Range Hydrocarbons with In Situ Hydrogen Production, J. Fuel, 212, pp. 470-478, 2018.
Siriwardane, R.V., Poston Jr, J.A., Fisher, E.P., Shen, M.S. & Miltz, A.L., Decomposition of the Sulphates of Copper, Iron (II), Iron (III), Nickel, and Zinc: XPS, SEM, DRIFTS, XRD, and TGA Study, J. Applied Surface Science, 152, pp. 219-236, 1999.
Chang, C.C & Wan S.W., China?s Motor Fuels from Tung Oils, J. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 39(12), pp. 1543-1548, 1947.
Russell, C., Newby, R.E., Steger & Arthur, R.P., Method of Decarboxylating Higher Fatty Acids over Magnesium Catalyst, U.S. Patent No. 2811559, 1957.
.png){kind=logo}
