Self-Healing of Cracks in Concrete using Bacillus cibi with Different Encapsulation Techniques
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2022.54.3.5Keywords:
Bacillus cibi, bio-concrete, cracks, encapsulation, self-healing concreteAbstract
One of the main challenges related to concrete is the formation of cracks, which can greatly diminish its strength and decrease its service life. Repair costs to mitigate these cracks can be high. This study investigated the use of Bacillus cibi to produce a self-healing bio-concrete capable of repairing cracks by itself through microbial activity. Bacteria were introduced into concrete by direct incorporation and encapsulating it in lightweight aggregates (LWA) and diatomaceous earth (DE). Samples of concrete cylinders were tested to quantify crack healing, compressive strength, and water permeability. The results showed that bio-concrete prepared with the LWA encapsulation method was able heal the largest crack width at 0.541 mm after 35 days of wet-dry cycle. Bio-concrete produced from bacteria with no encapsulation exhibited significant enhancement in 28-day compressive strength (57.28 MPa) compared to normal concrete (54.78 MPa) and produced the highest hydraulic conductivity recovery at 85.04% after 35 days of healing. The XRD analysis showed that the bacteria did not cause any major changes to the concrete.
Downloads
References
Khaliq, W. & Ehsan, M.B., Crack Healing in Concrete Using Various Bio Influenced Self-Healing Techniques, Construction and Building Materials, 102(1), pp. 349-357, Jan. 2016.
Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Feng, T., Zhou, M., Zhao, L., Zhou, A. & Li, Z., Immobilizing Bacteria in Expanded Perlite for the Crack Self-Healing in Concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 148, pp. 610-617, Sep. 2017.
Khushnood, R.A., Qureshi, Z.A., Shaheen, N.F. & Ali, S., Bio-Mineralized Self-Healing Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Sustainable Infrastructure, Science of the Total Environment, 703, 135007, Feb. 2020.
Wu, M., Hu, X., Zhang, Q., Cheng, W., Xue, D. & Zhao, Y., Application of Bacterial Spores Coated by A Green Inorganic Cementitious Material for The Self-Healing of Concrete Cracks, Cement and Concrete Composites, 113, 103718, Oct. 2020.
Rauf, M., Khaliq, W., Khushnood, R.A. & Ahmed, I., Comparative Performance of Different Bacteria Immobilized in Natural Fibers for Self-Healing in Concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 258, 119578, Oct. 2020.
Vijay, K., Murmu, M. & Deo, S.V., Bacteria Based Self-Healing Concrete ? A Review, Construction and Building Materials, 152, pp. 1008-1014, Oct. 2017.
Gupta, S., Pang, S.D. & Kua, H.W., Autonomous Healing in Concrete by Bio-Based Healing Agents ? A Review, Construction and Building Materials, 146, pp. 419-428, Aug. 2017.
Li, V.C. & Herbert, E., Robust Self-Healing Concrete for Sustainable Infrastructure, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 10(6), pp. 207-218, June 2012.
Zimbro, M.J., Difco & BBL Manual: Manual of Microbiological Culture Media, ed. 2, Sparks, Md: Becton, Dickinson and Company, 2009.
Neeladharan, C., Application of Bacillus Subtilis Bacteria for Improving Properties and Healing of Cracks in Concrete, International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology, 5(5), pp. 118-123, Mar. 2018.
Wang, J.Y., De Belie, N. & Verstraete, W., Diatomaceous Earth as A Protective Vehicle for Bacteria Applied for Self-Healing Concrete, Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 39(4), pp. 567-577, Apr. 2012.
ASTM D5084-16a, Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016, www.astm.org
ASTM C39 / C39M-20, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org, 2020
Muhammad, N.Z., Shafaghat, A., Keyvanfar, A., Majid, M.Z.A., Ghoshal, S.K., Yasouj, S.E.M., Ganiyu, A.A., Kouchaksaraei, M.S., Kamyab, H., Taheri, M.M., Shirdar, M.R. & Mccaffer, R., Tests and Methods of Evaluating the Self-Healing Efficiency of Concrete: A Review, Construction and Building Materials, 112, pp. 1123-1132, June 2016.
Chen, H., Qian, C. & Huang, H., Self-Healing Cementitious Materials Based on Bacteria and Nutrients Immobilized Respectively, Construction and Building Materials, 126, pp. 297-303, Nov. 2016.
Harrington, E.A., X-ray Diffraction Measurements on Some of the Pure Compounds Concerned in The Study of Portland Cement, American Journal of Science, S5-13(78), pp. 467-479, June 1927.
Irassar, E.F., Bonavetti, V.L., Menendez, G., Cabrera, O. & Donza, H., Mechanical Properties and Durability of Concrete Made with Portland Limestone Cement, V.M. Malhotra (ed), Third CanMET/ACI International Symposium on Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete, ACI Special Publication 202-27, pp. 431-450, Aug. 2001.
Kosmatka, S.H. & Wilson, M.L., Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, Skokie, IL: Portland Cement Association, 2017.
