Commuting Behaviors of People with Disabilities and the Implications for Transport Planning and Policy: A Preliminary Study

Husnul Fitri

doi:10.5614/jpwk.2024.35.2.1

Authors

Husnul Fitri Urban Studies Department, School of Strategic and Global Studies University of Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 4 Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2024.35.2.1

Keywords:

commuting, disabilities, inclusion, public transportation, transport policy

Abstract

This research aimed to obtain an initial understanding of the commuting behaviors of people with disabilities, which has not been widely discussed in the transportation planning literature in Indonesia. Facets studied included frequency of weekly commuting; trip duration to the workplace; trip chaining behavior; usage of public transportation; and utilization of private vehicles. Commuting trips were limited to the home-work-home context, and the research was conducted on adult disabled commuters (aged 17 to 60) in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (Jabodetabek). A total of 51 commuters with motor and sensory (visual and auditory) disabilities participated in the survey. The results indicate that people with disabilities tend to spend more hours commuting; use public transportation, with the TransJakarta Bus Rapid Transit and paratransit in the form of online motorcycle taxis as the primary modes of transport; and engage in pre-planned trip chaining activities, primarily for visiting family, friends, and clients as well as doing grocery shopping and getting medical treatment. The research findings can serve as valuable resources for developing inclusive transportation policies and planning, such as improving and enhancing access to public transportation for people with disabilities, supporting inclusive training policy in the public transportation field, implementing TOD strategies, and advancing transportation technology to enhance convenience for people with disabilities.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmad, M. (2013). Independent-Mobility Rights and the State of Public Transport Accessibility for Disabled People: Evidence from Southern Punjab in Pakistan. Administration & Society, 47(2), 197-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399713490691.

Amin, A. S., Razak, M. A. A., & Akhir, N. M. (2021). Access to Transportation: The Experiences of Women with Physical Disabilities. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(6), 883?890. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i6/10219.

Banister, C., & Gallent, N. (2004). Sustainable commuting: A contradiction in term. Regional Studies, 33, 274-280. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.15.3.223.

Bascom, G.W., & Christensen, K.M., (2017). The impacts of limited transportation access on persons with disabilities' social participation. Journal of Transport & Health, 7, Part B, 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.10.002.

Battacharjee, S. (2020). ?Work from home? as an alternative to daily commuting for working women. Human Geographies, 14(2), 255-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2020.142.5

Battelino, H. (2009). Transport for the transport disadvantaged: A review of service delivery solutions in New South Wales. Transport Policy, 16(3), 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2009.02.006.

Behrens, R., & Ggens, T. (2019). Challenges in Achieving Universal Access to Transport Services in South African Cities. In: Watermeyer, B., McKenzie, J., Swartz, L. (eds). The Palgrave Handbook of Disability and Citizenship in the Global South, pp. 183-196. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74675-3_13

Bezyak, J.L., Sabella, S.A., & Gattis, R.H. (2018). Public transportation: An investigation of barriers for people with disabilities. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 28(1), 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/10442073177020

Bezyak, J.L., Sabella, S., Hammel, J., McDonald, K., Jones, R.A., & Barton, D. (2019). Community participation and public transportation barriers experienced by people with disabilities. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(23), 3275-3283. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1590469.

Blumen, O. (1994). Gender differences in the journey to work. Urban Geography, 15, 223-245.

Bombom, L.S., & Abdullahi, I. (2016). Travel patterns and challenges of physically disabled persons in Nigeria. GeoJournal, 81, 519?533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708- 015-9629-3.

BPS. (2020). Indikator Kesejahteraan Rakyat 2020: Kesempatan Penyandang Disabilitas terhadap Pendidikan dan Pekerjaan. Jakarta: BPS RI.

_____. (2023). Analisis Tematik Kependudukan Indonesia: Fertilitas Remaja, Kematian Maternal, Kematian Bayi, dan Penyandang Disabilitas. Jakarta: BPS RI.

_____. (2024). Statistik Komuter Jabodetabek: Hasil Survei Komuter Jabodetabek 2023 Volume 3, 2024. Jakarta: BPS RI

Bker, L., van Amen, P., & Helbich, M. (2017). Elderly travel frequencies and transport mode choices in Greater Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Transportation, 44(4), 831-852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-016-9680-z.

Brucker, D.L., & Rollins, N.G. (2016). Trips to medical care among persons with disabilities: Evidence from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey. Disability and Health Journal, 9(3), 539?543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2016.01.001.

Brumbaugh, S. (2018). Travel patterns of American adults with disabilities. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved from https://www.bts.gov/travel-patterns-with-disabilities on 12 October 2023.

Casas, I. (2007). Social Exclusion and the Disabled: An Accessibility Approach. The Professional Geographer, 59(4), 463-477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9272.2007.00635.x.

Cochran, A.L., McDonald, N.C., Prunkl, L., Vinella-Brusher, E., Wang, J., Oluyede, L., & Wolfe, M. (2022). Transportation barriers to care among frequent health care users during the COVID pandemic. BMC Public Health, 22, 1783. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14149-x

Currie, G., & Delbosc, A. (2011). Exploring the trip chaining behaviour of public transport users in Melbourne. Transport Policy, 18(1), 204?210 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.08.003.

Dirth, T. P., & Branscombe, N. R. (2017). Disability Models Affect Disability Policy Support through Awareness of Structural Discrimination. Journal of Social Issues, 73(2), 413-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12224

Delbosc, A., & Currie, G. (2011a). Exploring the relative influences of transport disadvantage and social exclusion on well-being. Transport Policy, 18(4), 555-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2011.01.011.

_____. (2011b). The spatial context of transport disadvantage, social exclusion and well-being. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(6), 1130-1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.04.005.

Duri, B., & Luke, R. (2022). The Experiences of Public Transport Drivers with People with Disability in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. Disability, CBR and Inclusive Development, 33(2), 56-74. https://doi.org/10.47985/dcidj.599.

Duvarci, Y., Yigitcanlar, T., Alver, Y., & Mizokami, S. (2011). Variant Concept of Transportation-Disadvantaged: Evidence from Aydin, Turkey, and Yamaga, Japan. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 137(1), 82?90. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000044

Elfering, A., Igic, I, Kritzer, R., & Semmer, N.K. (2020). Commuting as a work-related demand: Effects on work-to-family conflict, affective commitment, and intention to quit. Psych Journal, 9(4), 562-577. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.350.

Ferrari, L., Berlingerio, M., Calabrese, F., & Reades, J. (2014). Improving the accessibility of urban transportation networks for people with disabilities. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 45, 27-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2013.10.005.

Fitri, H. (2024). Exploring travel behavior among women with disabilities in Jakarta. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 25, 101097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2024.101097

Froehlich, P. (2008). Changes in Travel Behavior of Commuters between 1970 and 2000. Transportation Research Record, 2082(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.3141/2082-05.

Gris E., Boisjoly, G., Maguire, M., & El-Geneidy, A. (2018). Elevating access: comparing accessibility to jobs by public transport for individuals with and without a physical disability. Transport Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 125, 280-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.02.017.

Habib, K.M.N., Morency, C., & Trepanier, M. (2012). Integrating parking behaviour in activity-based travel demand modelling: Investigation of the relationship between parking type choice and activity scheduling process. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46(1), 154?166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2011.09.014.

Hwang, J., Li, W., Stough, L.M., Lee, C., & Turnbull, K. (2020). People with disabilities? perceptions of autonomous vehicles as a viable transportation option to improve mobility: An exploratory study using mixed methods. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 15(12), 924- 942. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2020.1833115.

Jansuwan, S., Christensen, N., & Chen, A. (2013). Assessing the Transportation Needs of Low-Mobility Individuals: Case Study of a Small Urban Community in Utah. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 139(2), 104-114. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000142.

Jill, B., Kaya, C., Hsu, S., Iwanaga, K., Wu, J., Lee, B., Kundu, M., Chan, F., & Tansey, T.N. (2023). Characteristics of individuals with disabilities receiving transportation services in vocational rehabilitation. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 58(1), 79-88. https://doi.org/ 10.3233/JVR-221226.

Kett, M., Cole, E., Tuner, J. 2020. Disability, Mobility and Transport in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Thematic Review. Sustainability, 12(2), 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020589.

Krygsman, S., Arentze, T., & Timmermans, H. (2007). Capturing tour mode and activity choice interdependencies: A co-evolutionary logit modelling approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 41(10), 913?933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2006.03.006.

Low, W., Cao, M., De Vos, J., & Hickman, R. (2020). The journey experience of visually impaired people on public transport in London. Transport Policy, 97, 137-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.07.018

Lubin, A., & Deka, D. (2012). Role of Public Transportation as Job Access Mode. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2277(1), 90-97. https://doi.org/10.3141/2277-11

Lucas, K. (2012). Transport and social exclusion: Where are we now? Transport Policy, 20, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.01.013.

Lucas, K., Bates, J., Moore, J., & Carrasco, J. A. (2016). Modelling the relationship between travel behaviours and social disadvantage. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 85, 157?173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.01.008.

Neven, A., Janssens, D., Alders, G., Wets, G., Wijmeersch, B. V., & Feys, P. (2013). Documenting outdoor activity and travel behaviour in persons with neurological conditions using travel diaries and GPS tracking technology: A pilot study in multiple sclerosis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35(20), 1718?1725. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2012.751137.

Ma, L., Kent, J., & Mulley, C. (2018). Transport disadvantage, social exclusion, and subjective well-being: The role of the neighborhood environment?evidence from Sydney, Australia. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 11(1), 31-47. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2018.1008.

Ma, L. & Ye, R. (2019). Does daily commuting behavior matter to employee productivity? Journal of Transport Geography, 76, 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.03.008.

Madden, J. F., & Chen Liu, L. (1990). The wage effects of residential location and commuting constrains on employed married women. Urban Studies, 27, 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989020080321.

Marquez, L., Poveda, J.C., & Vega, L.A. (2019). Factors affecting personal autonomy and perceived accessibility of people with mobility impairments in an urban transportation choice context. Journal of Transport & Health, 14, 100583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100583.

Olkin, R. (2002). Could you hold the door for me? Including disability in diversity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8(2), 130-137. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.8.2.130.

Park, J., & Chowdhury, S. (2018). Investigating the barriers in a typical journey by public transport users with disabilities. Journal of Transport & Health, 10, 361?368. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jth.2018.05.008.

_____. (2022). Investigating the needs of people with disabilities to ride public transport routes involving transfers. Journal of Public Transportation, 24, 100010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubtr.2022.100010.

Park, K., Esfahani, H.N., Novack, V.L., Sheen, J., Hayadeghi, H., Song, Z., & Christensen, K. (2023). Impacts of disability on daily travel behavior: A systematic review. Transport Review, 43 (2), 178 ? 203. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2022.2060371.

Preston, V., McLafferty, S., & Liu, X. F. (1998). Geographical barriers to employment for American-born and immigrant workers. Urban Studies, 35, 529-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098984899.

Rosenbloom, S. (2007). Transportation patterns and problems of people with disabilities. The future of disability in America. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11420/ on 14 October 2023.

Scheiner, J., & Holz-Rau, C. (2015). Women?s complex daily lives: a gendered look at trip chaining and activity pattern entropy in Germany. Transportation, 44(1), 117-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-015-9627-9

Shen, X., Zheng, S., Wang, R., Li, Q., Xu, Z., Wang, X., & Wu, J. (2023). Disabled travel and urban environment: A literature review. Transportation Research Part D, 115, 103589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103589

Stancliffe, R.J. (2012). Inclusion of adults with disability in Australia: outcomes, legislation and issues. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18(10), 1053-1063. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2012.6933.

Stanley, J.K., Hensher, D.A., Stanley, & J.R., Vella-Brodrick, D. (2011). Mobility, social exclusion and well-being: Exploring the link. Transport Research part A: Policy and Practice, 45(8), 789-801.

Susilo, Y.O. Liu, & C. Bjesson, M. (2019). The changes of activity-travel participation across gender, life-cycle, and generations in Sweden over 30 years. Transportation, 46, 793-818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9868-5.

United Nations. (2009). The Inland Transport Committee and gender issues in transport. Report to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Executive Committee on the Implementation of the Priorities of the Unece Reform for Strengthening Some Activities of The Committee. Retrieved from https://unece.org/DAM/trans/doc/2009/itc/ECE-TRANS-2009-07e.pdf on 10 October 2023.

UN DESA. (2019). Disability and Development Report ? Realizing the SDGs by, for and with persons with disabilities 2018. New York: UN DESA.

Vale, D.S., Ascens, F., Raposo, N., & Figueiredo, A.P. (2017). Comparing access for all: disability-induced accessibility disparity in Lisbon. Journal of Geographical System, 19(1), 43-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-016-0240-z.

Wong, S., McLafferty, S.L., Planney, A.M., & Preston, V.A. (2020). Disability, wages, and commuting in New York. Journal of Transport Geography, 87, 102818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102818.

Yue, Y., Lan, T., Yeh, A., & Li, Q. (2014). Zooming into individuals to understand the collective: A review of trajectory-based travel behaviour studies. Travel Behavior and Society, 1(2), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2013.12.002.

Zhang, S., Yang, Y., Zhen, F., Lobsang, T., & Li, Z. (2021). Understanding the travel behaviors and activity patterns of the vulnerable population using smart card data: An activity space-based approach. Journal of Transport Geography, 90, 102938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102938

Zhu, S., Masud, H., Xiong, C., Yang, Z., Pan, Y., & Zhang, L. (2017). Travel Behavior Reactions to Transit Service Disruptions: Study of Metro SafeTrack Projects in Washington, D.C. Transportation Research Record, 2649(1), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.3141/2649-09.