Risk and Ride: Understanding Safety and Security in Jakarta?s Motorcycle-based Ride-Sourcing

Authors

  • Anggun Dwi Ermawati Institut Teknologi Bandung
  • I Gusti Ayu Andani Institut Teknologi Bandung

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2025.36.3.3

Keywords:

Motorcycle-based ride-sourcing, safety, security, Jakarta?s metro system feeder mode, binomial logit model, principal component analysis

Abstract

The use of motorcycle-based ride-sourcing services for medium-distance travel as a feeder for home-based trips poses higher risk to passenger safety and security during the trip. This study aimed to identify the perception of safety and security of motorcycle-based ride-sourcing users and its influence on the preference for motorcycle-based ride-sourcing as a feeder mode for Jakarta?s metro system in home-based trips. The method used to determine user perception was principal component analysis (PCA) and the binomial logit model was estimated to analyze user preferences in choosing motorcycle-based ride-sourcing based on attributes such as travel time, cost, and safety and security features. The findings reveal that female respondents tend to choose motorcycle-based ride-sourcing more than male respondents; users traveling for mandatory trips are more likely to opt for motorcycle-based ride-sourcing; and the frequency of using motorcycle-based ride-sourcing to reach their residence as well as the perception of service management, significantly influence the choice of motorcycle-based ride-sourcing as a feeder mode for Jakarta?s metro system. However, individuals with a secondary education level tend to avoid using motorcycle-based ride-sourcing services. The model highlights that, in addition to travel time and cost, safety and security features, along with effective service management in motorcycle-based ride-sourcing, can increase the likelihood of their adoption as a feeder mode for the Jakarta?s metro system. Therefore, motorcycle-based ride-sourcing operators are advised to improve the service by developing these features to provide better safety and security for users.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Acheampong, R. A. (2021). Societal impacts of smart, digital platform mobility services?an empirical study and policy implications of passenger safety and security in ride-hailing. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 9(1), 302?314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2021.01.008

Aritenang, A. F. (2024). The crucial role of motorcycle-based ride-hailing among commuters: The case of Jakarta and Bandung in metropolitan areas. Journal of Public Transportation, 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubtr.2024.100082

Askari, S., Peiravian, F., Tilahun, N., & Yousefi Baseri, M. (2021). Determinants of users? perceived taxi service quality in the context of a developing country. Transportation Letters, 13(2), 125?137. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2020.1714844

Azimi, G., Rahimi, A., Lee, M., & Jin, X. (2021). Mode choice behavior for access and egress connection to transit services. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, 10(2), 136?155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2020.11.004

Babar, Y., & Burtch, G. (2020). Examining the Heterogeneous Impact of Ride-Hailing Services on Public Transit Use. Information Systems Research, 31(3), 820?834. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2019.0917

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi DKI Jakarta (Jiwa), 2022-2023. Https://Jakarta.Bps.Go.Id/Id/Statistics-Table/2/MTI3MCMy/Jumlah-Penduduk-Menurut-Kabupaten-Kota-Di-Provinsi-Dki-Jakarta---Jiwa-.Html.

Beimborn, E. A., Greenwald, M. J., & Jin, X. (2003). Accessibility, Connectivity, and Captivity Impacts on Transit Choice . Transportation Research Record, 1835(1).

Ben-Akiva, M., & Lerman, S. R. (1985). Discrete Choice Analysis Theory and Application to Travel Demand. MIT Press Series in Transportation Studies.

Bhaduri, E., & Goswami, A. K. (2023). Examining user attitudes towards ride-hailing services ? A SEM-MIMIC Ordered Probit approach. Travel Behaviour and Society, 30, 41?59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.08.008

Bierlaire, M. (2023). A short introduction to Biogeme.

Bosker, M., Roberts, M., Tiwari, S., Sanjiwacika, P., Maria, W., Wihardja, M., & Yanurzha, R. (n.d.). Are Ride-Hailing Services and Public Transport Complements or Substitutes? Evidence from the Opening of Jakarta?s MRT System. http://www.worldbank.org/prwp.

Circella, G., & Alemi, F. (2018). Transport Policy in the Era of Ridehailing and Other Disruptive Transportation Technologies. In Advances in Transport Policy and Planning (Vol. 1, pp. 119?144). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.atpp.2018.08.001

Clewlow, R. R., & Mishra, G. S. (2017). Disruptive Transportation: The Adoption, Utilization, and Impacts of Ride-Hailing in the United States.

Devaraj, A., Ambi Ramakrishnan, G., Nair, G. S., Srinivasan, K. K., Bhat, C. R., Pinjari, A. R., Ramadurai, G., & Pendyala, R. M. (2020). Joint Model of Application-Based Ride Hailing Adoption, Intensity of Use, and Intermediate Public Transport Consideration among Workers in Chennai City. Transportation Research Record, 2674(4), 152?164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120912237

Ekwom Kamais, C. (2019). Emerging Security Risks of E-Hail Transport Services: Focus on Uber Taxi in Nairobi, Kenya. International Journal of Security, Privacy and Trust Management, 8(3), 1?18. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijsptm.2019.8301

Gomez, J., Aguilera-Garc, , Dias, F. F., Bhat, C. R., & Vassallo, J. M. (2021). Adoption and frequency of use of ride-hailing services in a European city: The case of Madrid. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2021.103359

Grahn, R., Harper, C. D., Hendrickson, C., Qian, Z., & Matthews, H. S. (2020). Socioeconomic and usage characteristics of transportation network company (TNC) riders. Transportation, 47(6), 3047?3067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-019-09989-3

Hair Jr, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Edition).

Henao, A. (2017). Impacts Of Ridesourcing ? Lyft And Uber ? On Transportation Including Vmt, Mode Replacement, Parking, And Travel Behavior [Ph.D Thesis]. University of Colorado.

Irawan, M. Z., Belgiawan, P. F., Tarigan, A. K. M., & Wijanarko, F. (2020). To compete or not compete: exploring the relationships between motorcycle-based ride-sourcing, motorcycle taxis, and public transport in the Jakarta metropolitan area. Transportation, 47(5), 2367?2389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-019-10019-5

Irawan, M. Z., Rizki, M., Chalermpong, S., & Kato, H. (2022). Mapping the motorcycle-based ride-hailing users in Yogyakarta: An analysis of socio-economic factors and preferences. Asian Transport Studies, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eastsj.2022.100073

Jin, S. T., Kong, H., Wu, R., & Sui, D. Z. (2018). Ridesourcing, the sharing economy, and the future of cities. Cities, 76, 96?104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.01.012

Lim, E. S., & Fernandez, J. L. (2022). Determinants of Using Ride-Hailing Service: Evidence from Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 59(1), 27?48. https://doi.org/10.22452/MJES.VOL59NO1.2

Liu, Y., Gao, Q., & Rau, P. L. P. (2022). Chinese passengers? security perceptions of ride-hailing services: An integrated approach combining general and situational perspectives. Travel Behaviour and Society, 26, 250?269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2021.10.009

Lower, M., Magott, J., & Skorupski, J. (2018). A System-Theoretic Accident Model and Process with Human Factors Analysis and Classification System taxonomy. Safety Science, 110, 393?410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.04.015

Luis, J., & Le, M. (n.d.). Ridehail and Commercial Vehicles Access in Urban Areas: Implications for Public Infrastructure Management.

Maurice, P., Lavoie, M., Laflamme, L., Svanstr, L., Romer, C., & Anderson, R. (2001). Safety and safety promotion: definitions for operational developments. Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 8(4), 237?240. https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.8.4.237.3331

Nisa, R. L. K. (2018). Scrutinizing Consumer-Citizen Duality Towards Safety and Travel Time Trade-Offs A Case Study of On-Demand Motorbike Taxi in Jakarta [MSc Dissertation]. Delft University of Technology.

Orozco-Fontalvo, M., Soto, J., Aralo, A., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2019). Women?s perceived risk of sexual harassment in a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system: The case of Barranquilla, Colombia. Journal of Transport and Health, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100598

PT MRT Jakarta. (2024). Laporan Tahunan MRT Jakarta 2023.

Quy Nguyen-Phuoc, D., Oviedo-Trespalacios, O., Vo, N. S., Thi Le, P., & Van Nguyen, T. (2021). How does perceived risk affect passenger satisfaction and loyalty towards ride-sourcing services? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102921

Raco, J., Raton, Y., Taroreh, F., & Muaja, O. (2018). Determinant Factors Influencing People to Use Motorcycle Taxi Online Services Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process.

Ricardianto, P., Ikhsan, R. B., Suryobuwono, A. A., Setiawan, E. B., Raharjo, E. P., Rahandi, R., & Cahyadi, D. (2024). What makes consumers attitudinal loyalty on ride-hailing services? An investigation Indonesian consumers? perceived safety in using ride-hailing apps. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100306

Rittichainuwat, B. N. (2013). Tourists? Perceived Risks Toward Overt Safety Measures. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 37(2), 199?216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348011425494

Rizki, M., Joewono, T. B., Dharmowijoyo, D. B. E., & Prasetyanto, D. (2021). The effects of on-and before-journey advantages using ride-sourcing in Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su131911117

Rizki, M., Prasetyanto, D., Maulana, A., & Purwanti, O. (2020). Analisis Aspek Keselamatan dan Keamanan Ojek Online Berdasarkan Persepsi Pengguna Muda di Kota Bandung. Konferensi Nasional Teknik Sipil Ke-14.

Sabogal-Cardona, O., Oviedo, D., Scholl, L., Crotte, A., & Bedoya-Maya, F. (2021). Not my usual trip: Ride-hailing characterization in Mexico City. Travel Behaviour and Society, 25, 233?245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2021.07.010

Saffan, A. F., & Rizki, M. (2018). Exploring the Role of Online ?Ojek? in Public Transport Trips: Case of Jakarta Metropolitan Area Rail Users. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 158(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/158/1/012024

Su, D. N., Nguyen-Phuoc, D. Q., & Johnson, L. W. (2021). Effects of perceived safety, involvement and perceived service quality on loyalty intention among ride-sourcing passengers. Transportation, 48(1), 369?393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-019-10058-y

Sunitiyoso, Y., Rahayu, W. A., Nuraeni, S., Nurdayat, I. F., Pambudi, N. F., & Hadiansyah, F. (2022). Role of ride-hailing in multimodal commuting. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(2), 1283?1298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2022.04.013

Vlahogianni, E. I., Yannis, G., Golias, J., & Eliou, N. (2014). Identifying critical power-two-wheeler riding behaviors at the emergence of an incident. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235972555

Wang, T., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Li, M., & Lu, W. (2023). Determinants of Passenger Satisfaction with Ride-Hailing Services: Case Study in Nanjing, China. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 149(2). https://doi.org/10.1061/jupddm.upeng-3960

Widiastuti, N. O., & Irawan, M. Z. (2024). Ride-Hailing Preferences for First- and Last-Mile Connectivity at Intercity Transit Hubs. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 16(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072927

Wills-Herrera, E., Orozco, L. E., Forero-Pineda, C., Pardo, O., & Andonova, V. (2011). The relationship between perceptions of insecurity, social capital and subjective well-being: Empirical evidences from areas of rural conflict in Colombia. Journal of Socio-Economics, 40(1), 88?96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2010.08.002

Yagi, S., & Mohammadian, A. (2008). Joint models of home-based tour mode and destination choices: Applications to a developing country. Transportation Research Record, 2076, 29?40. https://doi.org/10.3141/2076-04

Downloads

Published

2026-07-15

How to Cite

Ermawati, A. D., & Andani, I. G. A. (2026). Risk and Ride: Understanding Safety and Security in Jakarta’s Motorcycle-based Ride-Sourcing. Journal of Regional and City Planning, 36(3). https://doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2025.36.3.3

Issue

Section

Research Articles