Analysis of Quercetin from Allium cepa L. Skin Waste in Inhibiting ?-Amylase: An Alternate Therapeutic Drug to Treat Diabetes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5614/3bio.2025.7.1.3Keywords:
?-amylase, inhibition, quercetin, type 2 diabetesAbstract
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by an increase in blood sugar due to insulin resistance as well as the decline of insulin production by the pancreas. Quercetin is a flavonoid secondary metabolite that could be utilized as an ?-amylase inhibitor and can potentially be used as a therapeutic drug in type 2 diabetes treatment by inhibiting starch hydrolysis in the human body. This research aims to determine the quercetin yield of Allium cepa L. skin waste, evaluate the ?-amylase inhibitory properties of the extracted quercetin, and delve into the molecular mechanism of ?-amylase inhibition by quercetin. Methods that were used in this research consisted of sample collection and preparation, quercetin extraction, testing for quercetin content in extract by spectrophotometry and HPLC, as well as testing for ?-amylase inhibition by quercetin. Quercetin extraction produced 1.52 g of dry extract, yielding 16.8 mg of extract per g of dry shallot skin. Spectrophotometric analysis yielded 3.37 mg of quercetin per gram of dried shallot skin, while HPLC yielded 3.99 mg/g. The shallot skin extract inhibited ?-amylase with an IC50 of 348.2 g/mL. In comparison, acarbose had a more potent inhibitory effect, with an IC50 of 237.4 g/mL. Quercetin inhibits ?-amylase by forming hydrogen bonds with the active sites of the enzyme (Asp197, Glu233, and Asp300).
References
] World Health Organization. 2023. Diabetes. Available from: https://www.who.int/newsroom/fact-sheets/detail/ diabetes.
] Kemenkes, R.I. 2019. Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018. Lembaga Penerbit Balitbangkes. Available from: https:// repository.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/id/eprint/3514
] Lubis KF. Analisis Secara Umum Penyebab Penyakit Diabetes Mellitus di Kota Medan. Madani: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin. 2023. 1(6). DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8163596
] Sagita P. Pengaruh Pemberian Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata) Terhadap Penyakit Diabetes Melitus. Jurnal Medika Hutama. 2021. 3(1): 1265-72. Available from: https://jurnalmedikahutama.com/index.php/JMH/article/ view/262
] Indriyani E, Ludiana L, Dewi TK. Penerapan senam kaki diabetes melitus terhadap kadar glukosa darah pada penderita diabetes mellitus di Puskesmas Yosomulyo. Jurnal Cendikia Muda. 2023. 3(2): 252-9. Available from: https://jurnal.akperdharmawacana.ac.id/index. php/JWC/article/view/466
] [Nursamsiar N, Mangande MM, Awaluddin A, Nur S, Asnawi A. In silico study of aglycon curculigoside A and its derivatives as ?-amilase inhibitors. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 2020. 7(1): 29-37. DOI: 10.24198/ijpst.v7i1.23062
] Raut BK, Upadhyaya SR, Bashyal J, Parajuli N. In Silico and In Vitro Analyses to Repurpose Quercetin as a Human Pancreatic ?-Amylase Inhibitor. ACS omega. 2023. 8(46): 43617-31. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05082
] David AV, Arulmoli R, Parasuraman S. Overviews of biological importance of quercetin: A bioactive flavonoid. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2016. 20(1): 84. DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.194044
] Aghababaei F, Hadidi M. Recent advances in potential health benefits of quercetin. Pharmaceuticals. 2023. 16(7): 1020. DOI: 10.3390/ph16071020
] Su J, Tang Z. Effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin on the activity and structure of ?-amylase. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2019. 18(3): 585-90. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr. v18i3.20
] Dhanya R. Quercetin for managing type 2 diabetes and its complications, an insight into multitarget therapy. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2022. 146: 112560.
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112560
] Patel DK, Kumar R, Laloo D, Hemalatha S. Diabetes mellitus: an overview on its pharmacological aspects and reported medicinal plants having antidiabetic activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2012. 2(5): 411-20. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60067-7
] Udayani NN, Ratnasari NL, Cahyaningsih E, Wardani IG. Evaluasi Efek Samping Penggunaan Kombinasi Insulin pada Pasien Rawat Jalan Diabetes Melitus Tipe
di Salah Satu Rumah Sakit Kota Denpasar. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento. 2021. 7(2): 112-7. DOI: 10.36733/ medicamento.v7i2.2178
] Altay M. Acarbose is again on the stage. World J. Diabetes. 2022. 13(1): 10-4239. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13. i1.1
] Huynh DTM, Huynh T, Le MNT, Mai HN. Investigation of acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity and effects of Allium ascalonicum L. extract on Triton WR1339-induced hyperlipidemia on Swiss albino mice. Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine. 2024. 10: 100407.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2024.100407 [16.] Ruksiriwanich W, Khantham C, Muangsanguan A,
Phimolsiripol Y, Barba FJ, Sringarm K, Rachtanapun P, Jantanasakulwong K, Jantrawut P, Chittasupho C, Chutoprapat R. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf extract as bioactive substances for anti-androgen and antioxidant activities. Plants. 2024. 11(24): 3514. DOI: https://doi. org/10.3390/plants11243514
] Sittisart P, Yossan S, Prasertsan P. Antifungal property of chili, shallot and garlic extracts against pathogenic fungi, Phomopsis spp., isolated from infected leaves of para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2017. 51(6): 485-91. DOI: 10.1016/j. anres.2018.03.005
] Brandwein, B. J. (1965). The pigments in three cultivars of the common onion (Allium cepa). Journal of Food Science, 30(4), 680-685. DOI: 10.1016/j. foodchem.2006.12.063
] Caridi, D., Trenerry, V. C., Rochfort, S., Duong, S., Laugher, D., & Jones, R. (2007). Profiling and quantifying quercetin glucosides in onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties using capillary zone electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography. Food Chemistry, 105(2), 691-699. DOI:
] Savitha S, Bhatkar N, Chakraborty S, Thorat BN. Onion quercetin: As immune boosters, extraction, and effect of dehydration. Food Bioscience. 2021. 44: 101457. DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101457
] Al-Ansari MM, Al-Humaid L, Aldawsari M, Abid IF, Jhanani GK, Shanmuganathan R. Quercetin extraction from small onion skin (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum Don.) and its antioxidant activity. Environmental Research. 2023. 224(1): 115497. DOI: 10.1016/j.
envres.2023.115497
] Mardani N, Jahadi M, Sadeghian M, Keighobadi K, Khosravi-Darani K. Antimicrobial activities, phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and DNA protection of the internal and outer layers of Allium cepa L. from Iran. NFS Journal. 2023. 31: 93-101. DOI: 10.1016/j. nfs.2023.03.003
] Veiga AA, Irioda AC, Mogharbel BF, Bonatto SJ, Souza LM. Quercetin-rich extracts from onions (Allium cepa) play potent cytotoxicity on adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines, and quercetin induces important anticancer properties. Pharmaceuticals. 2022. 15(6): 754. DOI: 10.3390/ph15060754
] Kim Y, Kim YJ, Shin Y. Comparative Analysis of Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of Five Onion Cultivars Harvested in Korea. Antioxidants. 2024. 13(2): 197. DOI: 10.3390/ antiox13020197
] BPS 2023. Produksi Tanaman Sayuran 2021-2023. Available from: https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics- table/2/NjEjMg==/produksi-tanamansayuran.html.
] Putri SN, Anhar A. The effect of composition of red on waste (Allium cepa L.) and dirty buffet on biogas results. Serambi Biologi. 2020; 5(1). DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.24036/5751RF00
] Albishi T, John JA, Al-Khalifa AS, Shahidi F. Antioxidative phenolic constituents of skins of onion varieties and their activities. Journal of Functional Foods. 2013. 5(3): 1191-203. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.002
] Shoffiyanti, N., Dwita, L. and Anggia, V. Penghambatan Aktivitvitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Alpukat. Prosiding Pokjanas Toi. 2019. 57(1): 105?110. Available from: https://ffs.uhamka.ac.id/wp-content/ uploads/2020/07/Naskah-17.pdf
] Oktaria D, Marpaung MP. Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Akar Nipah (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) Dengan Metode SpektrofotometrI UV-Vis. Lantanida Journal. 2023. 11(1):1-06. Available from: https://jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/ index.php/lantanida/article/view/16087
] Chelladurai GR, Chinnachamy C. Alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory effects of aqueous stem extract of Salacia oblonga and its GC-MS analysis. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018. 54(01): e17151. DOI: 10.1590/s2175-
] Badriyah L, Farihah D. Optimalisasi ekstraksi kulit bawang merah (Allium cepa L) menggunakan metode maserasi. Jurnal Sintesis: Penelitian Sains, Terapan dan Analisisnya. 2022. 3(1): 30-7. DOI: 10.56399/jst. v3i1.32
] Nurcahyo H, Sumiwi SA, Halimah E, Wilar G. Total flavonoid levels of ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction dry shallots (Allium cepa l. var. garden onion of Brebes) with maceration methods using uv-vis spectrophotometry. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2020. 11(10): 286-9. DOI: 10.31838/srp.2020.10.48
] Gois Ruivo da Silva M, Skrt M, Komes D, Poklar Ulrih N, Poga?nik L. Enhanced yield of bioactivities from onion (Allium cepa L.) skin and their antioxidant and anti-?-amylase activities. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020. 21(8): 2909. DOI: 10.3390/ ijms21082909
] Bennour N, Mighri H, Eljani H, Zammouri T, Akrout
A. Effect of solvent evaporation method on phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera cultivated in Southern Tunisia. South African Journal of Botany. 2020. 129(1): 181-90. DOI: 10.1016/j. sajb.2019.05.005
] Wang J, Zhao XH. Degradation kinetics of fisetin and quercetin in solutions affected by medium pH, temperature and co-existed proteins. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society. 2016. 81(3): 243-53. DOI: 10.2298/JSC150706092W
] Chaaban H, Ioannou I, Chebil L, Slimane M, Gardin C, Paris C, Charbonnel C, Chekir L, Ghoul M. Effect of heat processing on thermal stability and antioxidant activity of six flavonoids. Journal of food processing and preservation. 2017. 41(5): e13203. DOI: 10.1111/ jfpp.13203
] Shraim AM, Ahmed TA, Rahman MM, Hijji YM. Determination of total flavonoid content by aluminum chloride assay: A critical evaluation. LWT. 2021. 150:111932. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111932
] Gupta V, Jain AD, Gill NS, Guptan K. Development and validation of HPLC method-a review. International research journal of pharmaceutical and applied sciences. 2012. 2(4): 17-25. Available from: https://www. scienztech.org/index.php/irjpas/article/view/307
] Jin EY, Lim S, Kim SO, Park YS, Jang JK, Chung MS, Park H, Shim KS, Choi YJ. Optimization of various extraction methods for quercetin from onion skin using response surface methodology. Food Science and Biotechnology. 2011. 20(1): 1727-33. DOI: 10.1007/ s10068-011-0238-8
] Benez V, MollE, Mart-Cabrejas MA, Aguilera Y, Lez-Andr FJ, Cools K, Terry LA, Esteban RM. Characterization of industrial onion wastes (Allium cepa L.): dietary fibre and bioactive compounds. Plant foods for human nutrition. 2011. 66(1): 48-57. DOI: 10.1007/ s11130-011-0212-x
] Lee J, Mitchell AE. Quercetin and isorhamnetin glycosides in onion (Allium cepa L.): varietal comparison, physical distribution, coproduct evaluation, and long- term storage stability. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2011. 59(3): 857-63. DOI: 10.1021/jf1033587
] Pob?ocka-Olech L, G? D, ?ebrowska ME, Sznitowska M, Krauze-Baranowska M. TLC determination of flavonoids from different cultivars of Allium cepa and Allium ascalonicum. Acta pharmaceutica. 2016. 66(4):
-54. DOI: 10.1515/acph-2016-0038
] Kwak JH, Seo JM, Kim NH, Arasu MV, Kim S, Yoon MK, Kim SJ. Variation of quercetin glycoside derivatives in three onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2017. 24(6): 1387-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.05.014
] Benito-Rom Blanco B, Sanz MT, Beltr S. Subcritical water extraction of phenolic compounds from onion skin wastes (Allium cepa cv. Horcal): Effect of temperature and solvent properties. Antioxidants. 2020. 9(12): 1233. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121233
] Ogunyemi OM, Gyebi GA, Saheed A, Paul J, Nwaneri- Chidozie V, Olorundare O, Adebayo J, Koketsu M, Aljarba N, Alkahtani S, Batiha GE. Inhibition mechanism of alpha-amylase, a diabetes target, by a steroidal pregnane and pregnane glycosides derived from Gongronema latifolium Benth. Frontiers in molecular biosciences. 2022. 9(1): 866719. DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.866719
] Shen H, Wang J, Ao J, Hou Y, Xi M, Cai Y, Li M, Luo
A. Structure-activity relationships and the underlying mechanism of ?-amylase inhibition by hyperoside and quercetin: Multi-spectroscopy and molecular docking analyses. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2023. 285(1): 121797. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121797
] Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, Larrea- Sebal A, Siddiqi H, Uribe KB, Ostolaza H, Mart C. Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020. 21(17): 6275. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176275
] Ansari P, Choudhury ST, Seidel V, Rahman AB, Aziz MA, Richi AE, Rahman A, Jafrin UH, Hannan JM, Abdel-Wahab YH. Therapeutic potential of quercetin in the management of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Life. 2022. 12(8): 1146. DOI: 10.3390/life12081146
] Yi H, Peng H, Wu X, Xu X, Kuang T, Zhang J, Du L, Fan
G. The therapeutic effects and mechanisms of quercetin on metabolic diseases: Pharmacological data and clinical evidence. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.
2021(1): 6678662. DOI: 10.1155/2021/6678662
] Bamigboye TJ, Olubiyi OO, Olawuni IJ, Van Heerden FR. Structure-activity-relationship of the polyphenols inhibition of ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2023. 17(2): 55-65. DOI: https://doi. org/10.21010/Ajtcamv17i2.5.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Zaky Muthahhari, Muhammad Hisyam Qordhowi, Mohammad Rafi Bonardi, Tania Sofiani, Samuel Balapradana Simanjuntak, Eri Mustari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
