Hydrogenated Palm Fatty Acid Distillate as Raw Materials for Magnesium Stearate Alternatives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2021.53.3.3Keywords:
catalytic transfer hydrogenation, gaseous hydrogenation, hydrogenated PFAD, iodine value, magnesium stearate, PFADAbstract
Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was used as raw material to produce solid lubricant, or anti-adherent, for confectionery or pharmaceutical products. To improve the degree of saturation, the PFAD was hydrogenated by using two methods: gaseous hydrogenation (GH) and catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) using ammonium formate to produce hydrogenated PFAD (HPFAD). The HPFAD was saponified with MgO to produce magnesium salts of hydrogenated PFAD (Mg-HPFAD). The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of hydrogen concentration and reaction temperature on the iodine value of HPFAD and to investigate the characteristics of paracetamol tablets when using Mg-HPFAD as lubricant compared to commercial Mg-stearate. The HPFAD produced by CTH had a lower iodine value than the HPFAD produced by GH. The lowest iodine value was obtained after CTH using 3.6 M ammonium formate at 90C. Paracetamol tablets with Mg-PFAD or Mg-HPFAD lubricant showed higher dissolution of active compounds with similar friability, frictiability, and hardness compared to paracetamol tablets with Mg-stearate.
Downloads
References
Maarasyid, C., Muhamad, I.I., Supriyanto, E. & Gapor Md, Top, A., Potential Source and Extraction of Vitamin E from Palm-Based Oils: A Review, Lipid Technol, 22, pp. 11-13, 2010. DOI: 10.1002/lite.200900070.
Gapor Md Top, A., Production and Utilization of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), Lipid Technol., 22, pp. 11-13, 2010.
BPS-Indonesia, Indonesian Oil Palm Statistics 2018, BPS-Statistics Indonesia, 2019.
Li, J. & Wu, Y., Lubricants in Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms, Lubricants, 2, pp. 21-43, 2014, DOI: 10.3390/lubricants2010021.
Barra, J., & Somma, R., Influence of the Physicochemical Variability of Magnesium Stearate on its Lubricant Properties: Possible Solutions, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 22, pp. 1105-1120, 1996.
Ertel, K.D. & Carstensen, J.T., Chemical, Physical, and Lubricant Properties of Magnesium Stearate, J. Pharm. Sci., 77, pp. 625-629, 1988. DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600770715.
Rao, K.P., Chawla, G., Kaushal, A. & Bansal, A., Impact of Solid-State Properties on Lubrication Efficacy of Magnesium Stearate, Pharm. Dev. Technol., 10, pp. 423-437, 2005. DOI: 10.1081/pdt-200054462.
Uchimoto, T., Iwao, Y., Ikegami, Y., Murata, T., Sonobe, T., Miyagishima, A. & Itai, S., Lubrication Properties of Potential Alternative Lubricants, Glycerin Fatty Acid Esters, to Magnesium Stearate, Int. J. Pharm., 386, pp. 91-98, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.11.001.
US-Pharmacopeia, Magnesium Stearate, in: United States Pharmacopeial Conv., 2015. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_7127.
Kane, J.G. & Subramanian, R., Hydrogenation of Technical Oils, Acids Oils and Fatty Acids, Fette, Seifen, Anstrichm., 66, pp. 983-987, 1964. DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19640661202.
R.C. Hastert, Hydrogenation of Fatty Acids, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 56, pp. 732A-739A, 1979. DOI: 10.1007/BF02667431.
Alsobaai, A.M., Al Shaibani, A.M., Moustafa, T. & Derhem, A., Effect of Hydrogenation Temperature on the Palm Mid-fraction Fatty Acids Composition and Conversion, J. King Saud Univ. ? Eng. Sci., 24, pp. 45-51, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jksues.2011.02.004.
?midovnik, A., ?timac, A. & Kobe, J., Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Soybean Oil, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 69, pp. 405-409, 1992. DOI: 10.1007/BF02540939.
Smidovnik, A., Kobe, J., Leskovsek, S., Koloini, T., Kinetics of Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Soybean Oil, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 71, pp. 507-511, 1994. DOI: 10.1007/BF02540662.
Smidovnik, A., Kinetics of Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Soybean Oil, Chem. Eng. J. Biochem. Eng. J., 51, pp. b51-b56, 1993. DOI: 10.1016/0923-0467(93)85018-q.
Nagli?, M., ?midovnik, A. & Koloini, T., Kinetics of Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Soybean Lecithin, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 36, pp. 5240-5245, 1997. DOI: 10.1021/ie970135m.
Tike, M.A. & Mahajani, V.V., Studies in Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Soybean Oil Using Ammonium Formate as Donor Over 5% Pd/C Catalyst, Chem. Eng. J., 123, pp. 31-41, 2006.
Rogers, R.H. & Blew, W.R., Manufacture of Metal Soals, US Patent: 2,890,232, 1959. DOI: 10.1145/178951.178972.
Listianingrum, R. Yuniarti, R.H.R.M.T. Al-Aziz, D. Rizaldy, M. Insanu, A. Harimawan, & Lestari, D., Effect of MgO to Fatty Acid Molar Ratio on the Production of Magnesium Salt of Fatty Acid from Palm Fatty Acid Distillates (PFAD) for Food Additives, MATEC Web Conf., 159, 02063, 2018. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201815902063.
BSN-Indonesia, Fat and Oil Testing Method, SNI 01-3555-1998, in: Standar Nas. Indones., Badan Standardisasi Nasional, 1998. (Text in Indonesian)
Rai, B.K., A Rough Determination of Fatty Acid Profile, Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 4, pp. 117-121, 2002.
Jun, L.K., Biodiesel Synthesis Via Solid Acid Catalyst by Using Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ( PFAD ) as Feedstock, B.Sc Thesis, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, 2013.
Banker, G.S., Film Coating Theory and Practice, J. Pharm. Sci., 55(1), pp.81-89, 1966.
Gnanasekaran, D. & Chavidi, V.P., Green Fluids from Vegetable Oil: Power Plant, in: Veg. Oil Based Bio-Lubr. Transform. Fluids, Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp. 3-26, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4870-8_1.