The Effect of TiO2 Coating on Pile Penetration Depth in Clay
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2017.49.5.6Keywords:
coating, concrete piles, pile driving, pore water, superhydrophilic, titanium dioxide.Abstract
Pile driving tests were conducted using models of concrete piles with titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating and piles without coating. Pile surfaces coated with TiO2 become superhydrophilic, which enables water molecules in clay pores to be attracted to the pile during the pile driving process. The attraction suppresses the compression of the pore water in the clay soil, hence the result of the pile driving tests showed that piles with TiO2 coating could penetrate deeper than piles without coating with the same count of hammer strokes. An examination using FTIR confirmed the formation of bonds between water molecules for piles with coating and the absence of such bonding for piles without coating. Furthermore, it was successfully established that pile surface coating gives different results for pile driving in different clay soils.Downloads
References
Zhu, J.G. & Yin, J.H., Deformation and Pore-Water Pressure Responses of Elastic Viscoplastic Soil, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 127(9), pp. 899-908, 2001.
Jarushi, F., Cosentino, P.J. & Kalajian, E.H., Piezocone Penetration Testing in Florida High Pile Rebound Soils, DFI Journal: The Journal Of The Deep Foundations Institute, 7(2), pp. 28-45, 2013.
Jarushi, F., Cosentino, P., Kalajian, E. & Dekhn, H., CPT Pore Water Pressure Correlations with PDA to Identify Pile Drivability Problem, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering, 9(2), pp. 55-61, 2015.
Zandi, F., Testing Methods of Driven Piles on INDOT Demonstration Projects, 1994.
Yin, J.H. & Zhu, J.G., Elastic Viscoplastic Consolidation Modelling and Interpretation of Pore-Water Pressure Responses in Clay Underneath Tarsiut Island, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36(4), pp. 708-717, 1999.
Schiffman, R.L., Chen, A.T.F. & Jordan, J.C., An Analysis of Consolidation Theories, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and foundations Division, ASCE, 95(SM1), pp. 285-311, 1969.
Kabbaj, M., Tavenas, F. & Leroueil, S., In Situ and Laboratory Stress-Strain Relationship, Geotechnique, London, 38(1), pp. 83-100, 1988.
Pestana, J.M., Hunt, C.E. & Bray, J.D., Soil Deformation and Excess Pore Pressure Field Around a Closed-Ended Pile, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 128(1), pp. 1-12, 2002.
Bergset, K.H., Radial Consolidation of Pore Pressure Induced by Pile Driving, NTNU-Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2015.
Baziar, M.H., Shahnazari, H. &Sharafi, H., A Laboratory Study on The Pore Pressure Generation Model for Firouzkooh Silty Sands Using Hollow Torsional Test, International Journal of Civil Engineering, 9(2), pp. 126-34, 2011.
Moayed, R.Z., Evaluation of The Fine Contents of Silty Sands using CPTU Results, Proceedings of the 10th IAEG International Congress, Nottingham, United Kingdom, publication #506, 2006.
Erten, D. & Maher, M.H., Cyclic Undrained Behavior of Silty Sand, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 14(2), pp. 115-123, 1995.
Poynor, A., Hong, L., Robinson, I.K., Granick, S., Zhang, Z. & Fenter, P. A., How Water Meets a Hydrophobic Surface, Physical Review Letters, 97(26), 2006. 266101
Chattopadhyay, S., Uysal, A., Stripe, B., Ha, Y.G., Marks, T.J., Karapetrova, E.A. & Dutta, P, How Water Meets a Very Hydrophobic Surface, Physical Review Letters, 105(3), 2010. 037803
Fujishima, A., Rao, T.N. & Tryk, D.A., Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 1(1), pp. 1-21, 2000.
Fahmi, A. & Minot, C., A Theoretical Investigation of Water Adsorption on Titanium Dioxide Surfaces, Surface Science, 304(3), pp. 343-359, 1994.
Bredow, T. & Jug, K., Theoretical Investigation of Water Adsorption at Rutile and Anatase Surfaces, Surface Science, 327(3), pp. 398-408, 1995.
Gu, Y., Zhao, X., Liu, Y. & Lu, Y., Preparation and Tribological Properties of Dual-Coated TiO2 Nanoparticles as Water-Based Lubricant Additives, Journal of Nanomaterials, 2014, Article ID 785680, 8p, 2014. doi.org/10.1155/2014/785680
Xue, Q., Liu, W. & Zhang, Z., Friction and Wear Properties of a Surface-Modified TiO2 Nanoparticle as an Additive in Liquid Paraffin, Wear, 213(1-2), pp. 29-32, 1997.
Ye, W., Cheng, T., Ye, Q., Guo, X., Zhang, Z. & Dang, H., Preparation and Tribological Properties of Tetrafluorobenzoic Acid-Modified TiO2 Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 359(1-2), pp. 82-85, 2003.
Sutisna, Rokhmat, M., Wibowo, E., Murniati, R., Khairurriijal & Abdullah, M., Application of Immobilized Titanium Dioxide as Reusable Photocatalyst on Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue, Advanced Materials Research, 1112, pp. 149-153, Trans Tech Publications, 2015.
Klute, A., Water Retention: Laboratory Methods, American Society of Agronomy, 1986.
Holtz, R.D., Kovacs, W.D. & Sheahan, T.C., An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2010.
Madejova, J., FTIR Techniques in Clay Mineral Studies, Vibrational Spectroscopy, 31(1), pp. 1-10, 2003.
Gonzalez, M.G., Baselga, J. & Cabanelas, J.C., Applications of FTIR on Epoxy Resins-Identification, Monitoring The Curing Process, Phase Separation and Water Uptake, INTECH Open Access Publisher, pp. 261-284, 2012.
Wolf, R.G., Structural Aspects of Kaolinite Using Infrared Absorption, American Mineralogist, 48, pp. 390-399, 1963.
Gadsden, J.A., Infrared Spectra of Minerals and Related Inorganic Compounds, Butterworths, 1975.
Djomgoue, P. & Njopwouo, D., FT-IR Spectroscopy Applied For Surface Clays Characterization, Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology, 3(4), pp. 275-282, 2013.
Khodaparast, P. & Ounaeis, Z., In-Situ and Ex-Situ TiO2-Based Dielectric Polymer Nanocomposites, Proceedings of 28th Annual Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites (edited by C. Bakis) 1, 992, 2013.
Moraru, V., Lebovka, N. & Shevchenko, D., Structural Transitions in Aqueous Suspensions of Natural Graphite, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 242(1), pp. 181-187, 2004.
Galet, L., Goalard, C. & Dodds, J. A., The Importance of Surface Energy in The Dispersion Behaviour of Talc Particles in Aqueous Media, Powder Technology, 190(1), pp. 242-246, 2009.
