Tiering Style and Its Interpretation: Ichnofabric Study in Balikpapan Formation, Kutai Basin, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2019.51.1.8Keywords:
colonization window, environmental conditions, ichnodiversity, number of behaviors, number of tiersAbstract
The determination of tiering style is an important task in ichnology. Tiering styles can be modeled by using ichnodiversity, the number of behaviors and number of tiers and their relationships. In this study, this approach was applied in the area of Samarinda, Kutai Basin, Indonesia. The values of ichnodiversity, number of behaviors, and number of tiers were identified. Ichnodiversity was strongly correlated with number of behaviors but weakly correlated with number of tiers. Accordingly, three tiering styles were identified. Typically, tiering styles A, B, and C demonstrated high ichnodiversity, number of behaviors and number of tiers. In general, the colonization window that coincides with the environmental conditions characteristic for deltaic settings is the factor that mostly regulates these tiering styles.
References
Ausich, W.I. & Bottjer, D.J., Tiering in Suspension-Feeding Communities on Soft Substrata Throughout the Phanerozoic, Science, 216, pp. 173-174, 1982.
Bottjer, D.J. & Ausich, W.I., Phanerozoic Development of Tiering in Soft Substrata Suspension-Feeding Communities, Paleobiology, 12(4), pp. 400-420, 1986.
Ekdale, A.A. & Bromley, R.G., Analysis of Composite Ichnofabrics: An Example in Uppermost Cretaceous Chalk of Denmark, Palaios, 6(3), pp. 232-249, 1991.
Bambach, R.K., Ecospace Utilization and Guilds in Marine Communities Through the Phanerozoic, in Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities, Tevesz, M.J.S. & McCall, P.L., eds., Plenum, New York, pp. 719-746, 1983.
Bromley, R.G., Trace fossils: Biology, Taphonomy and Applications (2nd ed.), Springer Science + Business Media B.V, 1996.
Goldring, R., Organisms and the Substrate: Response and Effect, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 83, pp. 151-180,1995.
Taylor, A., Goldring. R. & Gowland, S., Analysis and Application of Ichnofabrics, Earth Science Review, 60, pp. 227-259, 2003.
Moss, S.J. & Chambers, J., Tertiary Facies Architecture in the Kutai Basin, Kalimantan Indonesia, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 17, pp. 157-187, 1999.
Allen, G.P. & Chambers, J.L.C., Sedimentation in the Modern and Miocene Mahakam Delta, Indonesian Petroleum Association Guide Book, 236 p, 1998.
Bachtiar, A., Sequence Stratigraphic Framework and Character of Early Miocene Stem Rocks in the Kutai Hilir Basin, East Kalimantan, PhD Dissertation, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 2004. (Text in Indonesia)
Arifullah, E., Technology Characteristics and Delta Deposition Systems, Case Study: Modern Mahakam Delta and Miocene Kutai Basin East Kalimantan, Magister Thesis, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 2005. (Text in Indonesia)
Knaust, D., Trace-Fossil Systematics, Trace Fossils as Indicators of Sedimentary Environments, Knaust, D., Bromley, R.G. (eds.), Developments in Sedimentology, 64, Elsevier B.V., pp. 79-101, 2012.
Ekdale, A.A., Bromley, R.G. & Pemberton, S.G., Ichnology: The Use of Trace Fossils in Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, SEPM Short Course, 15, p. 317, 1984.
Seilacher, A., Studien zur Palichnologie, Teil I: oeber die Methoden der Palichnologie [Palichnological studies, part I: On the methods of palichnology, Neues Jahrbuch f1/4r Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, 96, pp. 421-452. 1953. (Text in Germany)
Vallon, L.H., Rindsberg, A.K. & Bromley, R.G., An Updated Classification of Animal Behaviour Preserved In Substrates, 28(1-2), pp. 1-17, 2015.
Hall, R. & Nichols, G., Cenozoic Sedimentation and Tectonics in Borneo: Climatic Influences On Orogenesis, Sediment Flux to Basins: Causes, Controls and Consequences, Jones, S.J., & Frostick, L., (eds.), The Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 191, pp. 5-22, 2002.
McClay, K., Dooley, T., Ferguson, A. & Poblet, J., Tectonic Evolution of the Sanga Sanga Block, Mahakam Delta, Kalimantan, Indonesia, The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 84(6), pp. 765-786, 2000.
Jolliffe, I.T., Principal Component Analysis (2nd ed.), Springer, 2002
Keho, Y., The Basics of Linear Principal Component Analysis, In P. Sanguansat, (Ed.), Principal Component Analysis, In. Tech, pp. 181-206, 2012.
Kappeler, P.M., Verhaltensbiologie [Behavioural Biology] (3rd ed.), Heidelberg: Springer, 2012. (Text in Germany)
Miller III, W., Complex Marine Trace Fossils, Lethaia, 31, pp. 29-32, 1998.
Miller III, W., Paleobiology of Complex Trace Fossils, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 192, pp. 3-14. 2003.
Miller III, W., Complex Trace Fossils. In W. Miller III (ed.), Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 458-465, 2007.
Pollard, J.E., Goldring, R. & Buck, S.G., Ichnofabrics Containing Ophiomorpha: Significance in Shallow-Water Facies Interpretation, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 150, pp. 149-64, 1993.
Pemberton, S.G. & Wightman, D.M., Ichnological Characteristics of Brackish Water Deposits, in: Pemberton, S.G. (Ed.), Applications of Ichnology to Petroleum Exploration, A Core Workshop: SEPM Core Workshop, 17, pp. 141-167, 1992.
Bromley, R.G. & A.A. Ekdale, Chondrites: A Trace Fossil Indicator of Anoxia In Sediments, Science, 224, pp. 872-874, 1984.
Galloway, W.E., & Hobday, D.K., Terrigenous Clastic Depositional Systems, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 489, 1996.
