Tantangan Penerapan Alokasi Anggaran Biaya SMK3 pada Kontrak Konstruksi Proyek Berisiko Tinggi
Keywords:
Keselamatan kerja, sistem, manajemen, biaya, konstruksi, proyek.Abstract
Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (SMK3) diamanatkan melalui PP 50/2012. Dalam konteks pekerjaan konstruksi, KemenPUPR telah menerbitkan PerMenPUPR 5/2014 yang kemudian diperbarui menjadi PerMenPUPR 2/2018. Pedoman ini mengatur pengalokasian biaya penerapan SMK3 oleh Penyedia Jasa dan Pengguna Jasa. Pedoman ini telah mengatur komponen-komponen biaya SMK3 yang harus diperhitungkan dan dilaksanakan di proyek-proyek berisiko tinggi. Namun penerapannya belum berdampak pada peningkatan kinerja K3 konstruksi, dengan demikian digali potensi penerapan pangalokasian anggaran SMK3 dalam kontrak konstruksi secara terpisah dari biaya umum/overhead, yaitu sebagai suatu "line-item" yang khusus dalam kontrak konstruksi. Studi dilakukan pada lima belas proyek konstruksi gedung bertingkat tinggi di wilayah Jakarta dan Bandung. Data diambil berdasarkan wawancara, kuesioner, serta dokumen pendukung. Biaya aktual SMK3 yang dikeluarkan berkisar antara 0,3-2,0%. Sedangkan anggaran yang dihitung berdasarkan pedoman adalah 1,37-3,84% dari total nilai kontrak. Komponen biaya yang paling signifikan adalah premi untuk asuransi, perizinan, serta gaji pengawas K3. Responden sebagai pihak kontraktor juga memberi masukan dari sudut pandang penyedia jasa terkait pendetilan perhitungan komponen biaya SMK3 yang tertuang dalam pedoman. Responden setuju pemisahan perhitungan biaya SMK3 dalam kontrak, namun pedoman dapat digunakan di luar lingkungan KemenPUPR apabila disusun penajaman perhitungannya sehingga terdapat kesamaan persepsi perhitungan antara Penyedia Jasa dan Pengguna Jasa.
Occupational Safety and Health Management (OSHM) is compulsary stated in Government Regulation 50/2012. For construction sector, OSHM has been regulated by Ministry of Public Works and Housing Regulation 5/2014 and later updated in 2/2018. This serves as guidelines for construction projects within the ministry and includes guidelines on cost allocation for OSHM. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility of separating OSHM related costs as a "line-item" in the bill of quantity, in order to be assigned specifically for OSHM purposes, not to be compromised with other indirect costs. First the actual costs allocated for OSHM were investigated in fifteen high-rise building projects in the vicinity of Jakarta and Bandung areas. These actual allocations were then compared to the "ideal" costs simulated based on the guidelines. The actual costs were 0,3- 2,0%, while the simulated costs were 1,37-3,84% of the contract values. The most significant components of OSHM costs were for insurance, licenses, and safety supervisors/officers. Respondents agreed with the benefits of separating OSHM costs as a "line-item" in the BoQ. The existing guidelines which were developed by the government could be used in the private sector, however, more detailed estimating procedure is needed. Both contractors and owners should give inputs to the revised standard guidelines.
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