Model Hak Guna Air dan Insentif / Disinsentif Bagi Pemerintah Otonomi Kabupaten / Kota di Jawa Barat (Studi Kasus DAS Cimanuk ? Jawa Barat)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5614/jts.2006.13.2.3Keywords:
Hak Guna Air, Insentif, Disinsentif, Otonomi daerah, DAS lintas Kabupaten/Kota, Konservasi, Pembagian peran, Bagi hasil.Abstract
Abstrak. Penelitian ini mempelajari model hak guna air (HGA) dan model insentif / disinsentif bagi daerah otonom kabupaten yang diformulasikan berdasarkan kondisi tataguna lahan dan karakteristik alamiah daerah aliran sungai (DAS). Tujuannya untuk meningkatkan sinergitas dan keterpaduan pengelolaan SDA secara keseluruhan DAS. Karena air merupakan komoditas yang vital dan esensial serta rawan konflik dalam kehidupan manusia, model HGA pada masing-masing daerah otonom didasarkan atas ketersediaan air pada setiap kabupaten/kota berdasarkan hujan rata-rata tahunan yang jatuh pada wilayah kabupaten/kota (daerah otonom) dikurangi debit minimum untuk menjaga kelestarian biota sungai. Model insentif/disinsentif didasarkan pada parameter sisa HGA suatu daerah otonom yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh daerah otonom lainnya. Parameter tersebut dalam model diinterpretasikan sebagai koefisian manfaat (Cm), koefisien sisa (Cs), dan koefisien bobot (Cb). Besarnya insentif bagi kabupaten surplus air adalah perkalian dari koefisien-koefisien tadi dengan jumlah pendapatan daerah seluruh DAS (hasil hak guna usaha air). Simulasi model pada DAS Cimanuk, menunjukan Kabupaten Garut, Sumedang, dan Majalengka memiliki HGA lebih besar dari jumlah pemakaiannya (surplus), sedangkan kabupaten Indramayu mengalami kekurangan (defisit). Kelebihan air dari 3 (tiga) kabupaten tersebut dimanfaatkan selain untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air di kabupaten Indramayu, juga untuk kabupaten Cirebon dan kota Cirebon sebagai tetangga terdekat. Daerah yang mendapat insentif pada DAS Cimanuk, adalah kabupaten Garut, Sumedang, dan Majalengka, dan yang mendapat disinsentif adalah kabupaten Indramayu, Cirebon, dan Kota Cirebon. Upaya konservasi seperti perubahan pola tata guna lahan dan pembangunan waduk seperti waduk Jatigede di Kabupaten Sumedang, sangat berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan penghasilan masing-masing daerah otonom. Model insentif bermafaat untuk mengatur pembagian peran dan bagi hasil pajak antara propinsi dan kabupaten didalam DAS.Abstract. This study observed water rights and incentive/disincentive models for autonomous kabupaten/kota which are formulated based on land management condition and natural characteristics of the related river basin. The objective of this research is to improve river basin management integratedly andsynergically. As water is a vital and essential commodity yet a sources a conflict in human life, water rights model in every autonomous government is based on the water availability in the related autonomous region (kabupaten/kota) taken from annual rainfall minus minimum discharge in order to keep river biota conservation. Incentive/disintencive model is based on the parameter of the remaining water rights in one autonomous region able to be benefited by other autonomous regions. This parameter is interpreted as beneficial coefficient (Cm), remaining coefficient (Cs), and weight coeffisient (Cb). The amount of incentive for kabupaten with water surplus is the multiplication of the abve mentions coeffients with the total number of income throughout those river basins (water rights outcome). Model simulation in the Cimanuk river basin showed that Kabupaten Garut, Sumedang, and Majalengka possess greater water rights from the point of view of their usage (surplus), whereas Kabupaten Indramayu experienced deficit. Water excesses from those three kabupaten is benefited to meet water requirement not only by Kabupaten Indramayu, but by Kabupaten Cirebon and Kota Cirebon as well as the nearest neighbours. The areas obtaining insentive from the Cimanuk river basin are Kabupaten Garut, Sumedang, and Majalengka, and those which obtaining disincentive are Kabupaten Indramayu, Cirebon and Kota Cirebon. The conservation efforts such as changing in land management pattern and dam construction like Jatigede dam at kabupaten Sumedang, strongly influenced to the increase of income of the related autonomous governments. The incentive model is very beneficial to arrange the distribution of role and tax sharing between provincial and the kabupaten governments within river basin.
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Hargreaves, G.H., 1996, "Making Irrigation More Profitable and Competitive in The Developing Countries" , ICID Journal, 45 (2) : 13 - 20.
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