PENGARUH PAPARAN INSEKTISIDA ORGANOKLORIN TERHADAP PERUBAHAN KADAR THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) PETANI PENYEMPROT DI KECAMATAN KERTASARI, KABUPATEN BANDUNG
Abstract
Abstrak: Penggunaan insektisida dalam kegiatan pertanian saat ini sering kali dilakukan oleh para petani untuk mencapai hasil pertanian yang tahan terhadap serangan hama serangga. Salah satu insektisida yang luas dipergunakan di Indonesia adalah insektisida golongan organoklorin. Insektisida organoklorin bersifat persisten baik itu di lingkungan maupun di dalam tubuh makhluk hidup yang terpapar. Paparan jangka panjang insektisida organoklorin akan memberikan dampak perubahan pada kesehatan pada petani penyemprot, salah satunya adalah gangguan pada tiroid. Gangguan pada tiroid ini adalah berupa perubahan pada kadar Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap petani penyemprot berkelamin laki-laki di Kecamatan Kertasari, Kabupaten Bandung. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada pagi hari saat petani melakukan aktivitas penyemprotan insektisida menggunakan pad sampling untuk paparan dermal. Makalah ini memaparkan konsentrasi organoklorin yang memapari petani penyemprot yang kemudian dikonversikan menjadi akumulasi intake untuk melihat faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap besar intake yang diterima petani selama menjadi petani penyemprot. Pada makalah ini juga dipaparkan faktor-faktor apa saja yang dapat mempengaruhi peningkatan kadar TSH petani di dalam darah akibat paparan yang terjadi terus menerus dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Dari hasil pengolahan data diperoleh bahwa faktor yang paling berpengaruh dan memiliki hubungan yang kuat terhadap peningkatan kadar TSH adalah intake organoklorin jenis lindan yang masuk ke dalam tubuh petani (pr=0,656, sig=0,000). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa paparan insektisida organoklorin dapat menimbulkan efek kronis pada kesehatan berupa penyakit hipotiroid pada petani penyemprot.
Kata kunci: insektisida, organoklorin, paparan dermal, intake, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Abstract: The use of insecticides in agriculture is now often done by farmers to achieve sustainable agriculture against insect pests. One insecticide widely used in Indonesia is a class of organochlorine insecticides. Organochlorine insecticides are persistent both in the environment and in the bodies of living things are exposed. Long term exposure to organochlorine insecticides will have an impact on the health changes on sprayer farmers, one of which is a thyroid disorder. Thyroid disorder is in the form of changes in the levels of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). This research was conducted on spraying farmers in Kertasari district, Bandung regency. Sampling was taken in the morning when farmers do insecticide spraying activity using pad sampling to check dermal exposure. This paper describes organochlorine concentration which exposes spraying farmers and then converted to the accumulation of the intake to see which factors most affect intake that is received by farmers during spraying. This paper also described the factors that can affect TSH levels in the farmers blood due to organochlorine exposure that occur continuously in the long term. Obtained from the processing of the data that the most influential factor and the factor that has a strong relationship to the increasing of TSH levels was lindane intake that enters into the body of the farmers (pr = 0.656, sig = 0.000). This means that exposure of organochlorine insecticides can cause chronic effects such as hypothyroid disease on spraying farmers.
Keywords: insecticide, organochlorine, dermal exposure, intake, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
References
Freire, C., Jose, M., Fernandez, M., Prada, R. (2011). "Prenatal Exposure to Organochlorine Pesticides and TSH Status in Newborns from Southern Spain." Science of the Total Environment. Vol. 409: pp 3281-3287.
Gilbreath, J., Steinemann, A. (2000). "Commentary: Hazardous Pesticides in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Zambia, Africa" . Environmental Pactice. Vol. 2: pp 311-317.
Greitens, T. J., Day, E. (2007). "An Alternative Way to Evaluate The Environmental Effects of Integrated Pest Management: Pesticide Risk Indicators" . Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. Vol. 22: pp 213-222.
Khan, D. A., Hashmi, I., Mahjabeen, W., Naqvi, T.A., (2010). "Monitoring Health Implications of Pesticide Exposure in Factory Workers in Pakistan" . Environ Monit Asses. Vol. 168: pp 231-24.
Kuchler, F., Chandran, R., Ralston, K. (1996). "The Linkage between Pesticide Use and Pesticide Residues" . American Journal of Alternative Agriculture. Vol. 1: pp 161-167.
McKinlay, R., Plant, J. A., Bell., V. (2008). "Endocrine Disrupting Pesticides: Implication of Risk Assessment." Environmental International. Vol. 34: pp 168-183.
Meeker, J.D., Boas, M. (2011). "Pesticides and Thyroid Hormone." Encyclopedia of environmental Health. Vol. 9: pp 428-437.
Nagayama J, Iida T, Nakagawa R,. (2004). "Condition of Thyroid Hormone System In 10-Month-Old Japanese Infants Perinatally Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides, Pcbs And Dioxins." Organohalogen Compounds. Vol. 48: pp 236-239
Oginawati, Katharina. 2005. Analisis Risiko Penggunaan Insektisida Organofosfat terhadap Kesehatan Petani Penyemprot. Disertasi Doktor, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Soemirat, Juli. 2003. Toksikologi Lingkungan. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
US EPA. 2001. Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment. Human Health Evaluation Manual. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Vol. 1: Part E.
Van Hoi, P., Mol, Arthur P.J., Oosterveer, P,. Van Den Brink, P. J. (2009). "Pesticide Distribution and Use in Vegetable Production in the Red River Delta of Vietnam" . Renewable Agriculture and Food System. Vol. 24: pp 174-185.
