PERBANDINGAN SISTEM PENGUASAAN LAUT ADAT DI DESA HARUKU MALUKU DENGAN SISTEM PENGUASAAN LAUT NASIONAL

Abstract

Indonesia adalah negara kepulauan yang terbesar di dunia dan memiliki sistem penguasaan wilayah laut nasional. Indonesia juga merupakan negara dengan keanekaragaman etnis terbanyak dan terbesar di dunia. Oleh sebab itu, identifkasi sistem penguasaan laut adat sangat penting bagi Indonesia. Identifkasi dilakukan berdasarkan tiga parameter Customary Marine Tenure System (CMTS), yaitu aspek wilayah, unit sosial pemegang hak, dan legal beserta pelaksanaannya. Hasil identifkasi ini dibanding dengan sistem penguasaan laut nasional. Hasil analisis menunjukkan CMTS berdasarkan aspek wilayah, masyarakat Haruku tidak membuat acuan yang pasti dalam penentuan titik batas; berdasarkan aspek unit sosial pemegang hak, hak pengelolaan hanya diberikan kepada masyarakat adat yang dikoordinasi oleh pemerintahan adat setempat; berdasarkan aspek legal, peraturan dalam penguasaan laut adat Haruku merupakan peraturan tertulis yang diketahui dan diterima oleh setiap anggota masyarakat di desa Haruku. Pelaksanaan aspek legal yang digunakan, sistem penguasaan laut adat di Haruku memiliki keunggulan dibanding dengan sistem penguasaan laut nasional.

Indonesia is the largest archipelago nation in the world and has a system of national marine tenure territorial. Indonesia is also a country with the largest and the most diversed ethnic groups in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the system of custom marine tenure of this country. Identifcation of this study was based on three parameters of Customary Marine Tenure System (CMTS), namely area aspect, rights unit social aspect, and legal aspect and its implementation. The results of the identifcation was compared with the national marine tenure system. The analysis showed that, regarding CMTS based on the aspect of territory, the Haruku community did not make a fxed reference in the determination of the boundary point while based on the social unit of rights-holders, it was found that the management rights were only granted to the indigenous peoples coordinated by the local customary government; and based on the legal aspect, the rules in the customary marine tenure of Haruku were written rules known and accepted by every member of the community in Haruku
village. The implementation of the legal aspects used indicated that the customary marine tenure system in Haruku had advantages compared to the national marine tenure system.