PENGARUH INTEGRASI SEKTOR FORMAL DAN SEKTOR INFORMAL TERHADAP PENGOLAHAN DAN PEMANFAATAN SAMPAH DI TEMPAT PENAMPUNGAN SEMENTARA
Abstract
Abstrak: Proses pengelolaan persampahan Kota Bandung masih bersifat parsial, dimana sektor formal belum mengoptimalkan peran serta sektor informal. Di satu sisi, sektor informal berpotensi sebagai kontributor dalam mereduksi timbulan sampah di tempat penampungan sementara (TPS/TPS 3R/SPA) melalui pemanfaatan sampah bernilai ekonomis (material recovery). Di sisi lain, PD Kebersihan belum menunjukkan kinerja yang optimal selaku sektor formal dalam konteks pengolahan dan pemanfaatan sampah di TPS/TPS 3R/SPA. Kondisi ini menjadi peluang bagi pengintegrasian kedua sektor tersebut untuk mengoptimalkan pengolahan dan pemanfaatan sampah, sehingga berimplikasi positif terhadap aspek teknis, aspek ekonomi, aspek kelembagaan, dan aspek sosial pengelolaan persampahan baik secara spesifik di TPS/TPS 3R/SPA maupun secara general di level kota. Material recovery rate sektor informal ditelusuri dengan menggunakan pendekatan material flow method, sedangkan kinerja PD Kebersihan ditelaah melalui penggunaan teori kegagalan pasar dan kegagalan pemerintah yang diaplikasikan sebagai konsep identifikasi persoalan kebijakan dalam kajian kelembagaan. Diskenariokan empat alternatif pengintegrasian untuk disimulasikan pada setiap lokasi studi, yang berimplikasi terhadap aspek teknis berupa reduksi sampah mencapai 1,35% - 8,05%; aspek ekonomi berupa peningkatan pendapatan sektor informal (pemulung) antara 2,41% - 106,63% dan sektor formal (PD Kebersihan) sebesar Rp 771.145,50 "“ Rp 74.250.000 per bulan; aspek kelembagaan berupa aktivitas pengolahan dan pemanfaatan sampah yang terorganisir; dan aspek sosial berupa berkurangnya stigma negatif terhadap keberadaan sektor informal. Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) diterapkan sebagai analisis pendukung dalam memilih alternatif pengintegrasian yang layak (nilai BCR >1) untuk diaplikasikan secara spesifik per lokasi studi.
Kata kunci: sektor formal, sektor informal, integrasi, teori kegagalan pasar dan kegagalan pemerintah
Abstract: Solid waste management in Bandung is partially managed, which the formal sector has not optimized the informal one. On one side, informal sector has a role aspotential contributor in reducing solid waste generation especially at transfer station (TPS/TPS 3R/SPA) through material recovery (recycling) activity. On the other hand, PD Kebersihan as formal sector has not shown optimal performance in the contexts of solid waste treatment at TPS/TPS 3R/SPA. This situation become an opportunity for integrating both formal and informal sector in order to optimize solid waste treatment which generate positive impact to technical, economic, instituional, and also social aspects in solid waste management. Material recovery rate which is conducted by informal sector is analyzed by using material flow method approachment, whereas PD Kebersihan performance is elaborated by using market and government failure theory as institutional policy identification concept. There are four integration alternative scenarios to be simulated at each study area, which which has implication on technical aspects such as solid waste reduction for about 1.35% - 8.05%; economic aspects in the form of revenue increasing of informal sector (scavengers) between 2.41%-106.63% and formal sector (PD Kebersihan) in the amount of Rp 771,145.50"“Rp 74,250,000 per month; institutional aspects which is represented by well organized of solid waste treatment activity; and social aspects such as the reduction of negative stigma against the existence of the informal sector. Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) is applied as supporting analysis in order to choose feasible alternative of integration (BCR results>1)to be implemented specifically at study area.
Keywords: formal sector, informal sector, integration, market failure and government failure theory
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