Ethical Oversight
Research involving human participants, human data, identifiable personal information, animals, or other activities requiring ethical oversight must comply with applicable ethical standards and institutional requirements.
Where ethical approval is required, authors must provide the name of the approving ethics committee or institutional review board, approval number, and date of approval in the manuscript.
Research involving human participants must include appropriate informed consent where applicable.
Authors are responsible for protecting privacy, confidentiality, and personal data.
When ethical approval is not required, authors should provide an appropriate statement explaining the basis for exemption where relevant.
Ethical Approval: Where required, authors must provide the approving body, approval number, and date of approval.
Informed Consent: Appropriate participant consent must be obtained where applicable.
Privacy and Confidentiality: Authors are responsible for protecting privacy and confidential information.
Personal Data Protection: Research must appropriately safeguard identifiable personal information.
Ethical Exemption: Where relevant, authors should explain the basis for not requiring ethical approval.



